Nokia’s Mission Statement

NokiaNokia’s Interim Report (2013) showed a decline in the first quarter for group net sales, device and services net sales and networks net sales. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that Nokia’s mission statement places a strong emphasis on shareholder value and social responsibility to increase the company’s stronghold within its industry.Shareholder ValueIn order to gauge the company’s performance in these two areas, there are a couple of specific indicators that Nokia is looking for. Shareholder value is increased through the success of the business. Nokia gives four areas that will become the primary focus of each of the business areas and gauge its success. These areas are: (1) leading and winning in mobile devices, (2) growing consumer internet services, (3) accelerating adoption of business solutions and (4) leveraging scale and transforming solutions in infrastructure (Grant, 2010, p. 24). This focus in these business areas allows for Nokia to inc rease shareholder value through a strong business strategy.Nokia also wants to strengthen their strategic capabilities in the areas of: (1) consumer understanding, (2) brand recognition, (3) technology and architecture and (4) channels and supply chain (Grant, 2010). This will also help to increase shareholder value by allowing for a competitive advantage when dealing with the above business areas.Social ResponsibilityNokia also wants to focus on their social responsibility as a mediator between the unconnected and connected. They envision a world where everyone is connected and allow everyone to feel close to what matters to them. I believe that they can gauge this through the same manner they gauge shareholder value. Essentially, Nokia’s business strategy will fulfill their  social responsibility of connecting people. Leading the industry in mobile devices, Internet services, business solutions and solution infrastructure will all help connect people throughout the world. MissionWith the new Nokia Lumia reaching number four on the list of largest smartphone brands in the USA, one can say that Nokia’s mission is working on increasing the connectivity amongst people through their smartphones (Shah, 2013). However, the company as a whole is not doing so well. With all their sales dropping, the only thing that is increasing is the sale of their Nokia Lumia. Even at the number four spot, Nokia only holds a measly 4.1% of the smartphone industry in the US, and their overall sales are declining (Shah, 2013). Therefore, I would say they are not doing a very good job at fulfilling their mission statement. If Apple had the same mission statement, leading the sales of smartphones in the US at a whopping 33.7%, the statement would be more accurate in saying that they plan to connect people around the world and lead the industry.RecommendationIn order to improve the mission statement, I believe that Nokia should add more tangible short-term goals to boost morale. Short-term wins not only boost morale, but also provide more attainable objectives to satisfy shareholders. Therefore, instead of stating that Nokia plans to, â€Å"Lead and win in mobile devices,† they can state that Nokia will, â€Å"increase the smartphone market value partnering with Android AND Microsoft to expand Nokia’s global reach.† Providing short-term wins that are not as broad as Nokia’s current mission statement will help also strengthen the company’s brand and make them a stronger company as a whole. Overall, Nokia is doing well within the smartphone realm, and losing in everything else. It is either time that they specialize in a specific industry (smartphones), or take the market by storm with something that has not been offered before. Only the future will tell, and the mission statement is what will reflect these plans. Nokia’s Mission Statement NokiaNokia’s Interim Report (2013) showed a decline in the first quarter for group net sales, device and services net sales and networks net sales. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that Nokia’s mission statement places a strong emphasis on shareholder value and social responsibility to increase the company’s stronghold within its industry.Shareholder ValueIn order to gauge the company’s performance in these two areas, there are a couple of specific indicators that Nokia is looking for. Shareholder value is increased through the success of the business. Nokia gives four areas that will become the primary focus of each of the business areas and gauge its success. These areas are: (1) leading and winning in mobile devices, (2) growing consumer internet services, (3) accelerating adoption of business solutions and (4) leveraging scale and transforming solutions in infrastructure (Grant, 2010, p. 24). This focus in these business areas allows for Nokia to inc rease shareholder value through a strong business strategy.Nokia also wants to strengthen their strategic capabilities in the areas of: (1) consumer understanding, (2) brand recognition, (3) technology and architecture and (4) channels and supply chain (Grant, 2010). This will also help to increase shareholder value by allowing for a competitive advantage when dealing with the above business areas.Social ResponsibilityNokia also wants to focus on their social responsibility as a mediator between the unconnected and connected. They envision a world where everyone is connected and allow everyone to feel close to what matters to them. I believe that they can gauge this through the same manner they gauge shareholder value. Essentially, Nokia’s business strategy will fulfill their  social responsibility of connecting people. Leading the industry in mobile devices, Internet services, business solutions and solution infrastructure will all help connect people throughout the world. MissionWith the new Nokia Lumia reaching number four on the list of largest smartphone brands in the USA, one can say that Nokia’s mission is working on increasing the connectivity amongst people through their smartphones (Shah, 2013). However, the company as a whole is not doing so well. With all their sales dropping, the only thing that is increasing is the sale of their Nokia Lumia. Even at the number four spot, Nokia only holds a measly 4.1% of the smartphone industry in the US, and their overall sales are declining (Shah, 2013). Therefore, I would say they are not doing a very good job at fulfilling their mission statement. If Apple had the same mission statement, leading the sales of smartphones in the US at a whopping 33.7%, the statement would be more accurate in saying that they plan to connect people around the world and lead the industry.RecommendationIn order to improve the mission statement, I believe that Nokia should add more tangible short-term goals to boost morale. Short-term wins not only boost morale, but also provide more attainable objectives to satisfy shareholders. Therefore, instead of stating that Nokia plans to, â€Å"Lead and win in mobile devices,† they can state that Nokia will, â€Å"increase the smartphone market value partnering with Android AND Microsoft to expand Nokia’s global reach.†Providing short-term wins that are not as broad as Nokia’s current mission statement will help also strengthen the company’s brand and make them a stronger company as a whole. Overall, Nokia is doing well within the smartphone realm, and losing in everything else. It is either time that they specialize in a specific industry (smartphones), or take the market by storm with something that has not been offered before. Only the future will tell, and the mission statement is what will reflect these plans.

Course notes Operations management

A lot of things we do, activities such as analyzing, does not add value. Inventory Is a big non-value added activity, If you have two Items (toasters) where one has been there for long and the other Is fairly new. As a customer you want the new one. As a manager for the store, the old one costs more because you have to store it. Exercise: What is the input, what is the transformation and finally the output? Accountants: the transformation Is they are doing audits, financial statements etc.The Input Is raw data and the output is audited financial statements. Telecommunication companies: the transformation Is transmission of data, the Input is data and the output is data as well. System example: Restaurant Objectives: make money essentially, fast food or exclusive? Elements: tables, servers, waiters, wine experts, chefs etc. Input: customers Transformation: you feed the customers In an environment they find agreeable. Output: satisfied customers Feedback: Are we making money? They also use Customer satisfaction services.Restaurant Political, Legal: permits, alcohol permits, hourly wages, is tips Included? Economical: Price of food, price of dollar. Social: what type of food people eat. Technological: systems to communicate with the kitchen, ordering or reservations through internet. Ecological: recycling. Example: Strategic, tactical and operational decisions. Strategic: what type of cuisine? The limit, how many tables for which demand? Tactical decision: what type of employees should I recruit? Operational decisions:

My Roles as a Teacher Essay

My role as a ICT tutor, sometimes requires me to be mentor or even an absent friend to support my learners emotionally through their learning. All of this provides me the means to enable learning to the best of my ability. I have a responsibility to ensure that students gain the knowledge and skills they require to become effective learners. Also the responsibility to meet the high standards of professional and ethical behavior required by the learner, and my profession itself. The responsibilities listed below provide guidance for me as a teacher. * To demonstrate the highest standards of professional behaviour, exercise professional judgement and act in a considerate and sensitive manner when interacting with students, or caregivers, staff and the public. * To be conscious of the need for equitable treatment of all students, including those with disabilities or other special needs; to meet the individual learning needs of students and assist each student to maximize his or her learning outcomes. To be familiar with the provisions of legislation relevant to my official responsibilities. * To perform my duties efficiently and effectively and with honesty, integrity and fairness at all times * To ensure that decisions are made fairly and conveyed promptly both within the Department and to those students and members of the public who have a right to know. * To use information gained in the course of employment only for proper and appropriate purpose. To use public resources economically * I must not, under any circumstances, have sexual relationships with students. It is irrelevant whether the relationship is homosexual or heterosexual, consensual or non-consensual . The age of the students or staff member involved is also irrelevant. * I must not, under any circumstances, engage in conduct of a sexual nature with a student. Improper conduct of a sexual nature by me against a student includes sexual intercourse and any other form of child sexual abuse (which must be notified) as well as but not limited to: inappropriate conversations of a sexual nature; obscene language of a sexual nature; suggestive remarks or actions; jokes of a sexual nature; obscene gestures; unwarranted and inappropriate touching; sexual exhibitionism; personal correspondence with students in respect of my sexual feelings for the student; and deliberate exposure of students to sexual behavior of others. Prescribed medications and non-prescribed medications (such as analgesics) should only be administered in accordance with departmental guidelines. You must not give students alcohol or other drugs, or encourage or condone the use of alcohol or other drugs by students. * I must not, under any circumstances, use any form of discipline that includes any threat of physical violence or harm, corporal punishment or engage in any form of behaviour which could cause physical, emotional or psychological harm of any kind to students. Several examples of good or acceptable behaviour Teacher-student relationships †¢ Participate in social contact with a student only after obtaining informed consent of the student (and principal where appropriate); such contact includes meetings, sporting events, phone calls or electronic communications, e. g. , emails and text messages; †¢ When acting as a student’s mentor, develop a relationship with clear professional boundaries that cannot be misinterpreted as a personal, rather than a professional, interest in the student. If a student develops a ‘crush’ on you, inform a supervisor, so independent, sensitive advice and support are available; †¢ Praise and recognise all students when appropriate, so they all feel fairly treated. †¢ Physically contact students in a way that makes them comfortable, e. g. , shaking hands, a congratulatory pat on the back. †¢ To be alert to cues from students about how comfortable they are in your proximit y and respect individual needs for personal space. †¢ Be aware of cultural norms that may influence interpretation of your behaviour towards students.

Prompt Six - On Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prompt Six - On Design - Essay Example This is also referred to as a cross over study. It allows for a comparison of the results arising from different tests performed on the same group of subjects. For example, in a test comparing the effects of a low glycemic load (LGL) diet with a high glycemic load (HGL) diet the same group is fed with a LGL meal in one instance and a HGL meal in another instance. There are advantages and disadvantages to both approaches. In the ‘between groups’ approach participants are less likely to become bored as in the ‘within group’ approach because they are only used for one treatment. Therefore, they are more likely to entertain follow up treatments than is the case with the ‘within group’ approach where participants may not complete the tests. The ‘within group’ is less costly when compared to the ‘between groups’ approach as it involves only one group on which more than one treatment is administered while the ‘between groups’ approach require more than one group. Therefore, the number of participants subjected to tests are half as much as in the ‘between groups’ approach. Additionally, the ‘within group’ approach is less error prone since the same subjects are used for both tests whiles the ‘between groups’ approach is negatively imp acted by individual differences. The effect of the first treatment on the second treatment is a major disadvantage of the ‘within group’ approach. The main differences between the two approaches need to be clearly understood in order to facilitate a determination of the statistical tests to be employed so that inferences can be made. Paired t-Tests is useful in analyzing ‘within group’ designs while independent t-Tests is useful for analyzing data for ‘between groups’

Unit 5, Chapter 10,11, and 12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 5, Chapter 10,11, and 12 - Coursework Example Bartol, in her book Management: A pacific rim focus, illustrates a process of change management in eight steps. The problem of having adversarial relationships that are proven to be counterproductive and detrimental to the operations within the organization has to be identified. Only by recognizing that this is really a problem that has to be addressed, can solutions be determined to solve the problem. In order to backup the planned change, the most powerful sponsors, usually the key people, who are the executives, are to be informed about the planned change, and to gather their support in order for the change to be communicated to the rest of the company. In this part, the vision of changing the organizational structure has to be developed and communicated, first to those people who can pass around the information. In developing a vision, it could be helpful to involve the rest of the company in order for them not to feel like the vision is a top-down command. It is to enable them to know the situation of the company and to feel like being more involved to what is happening, which makes them more receptive to the changes that will be enforced in line with the vision. By giving the proper authority to people who are capable of communicating the desired vision about the change in organizational structure, these people will have better chance to act out the vision. This may entail choosing the right people to conduct seminars and trainings to inform the other employees about the changes, and form a certain system to create these changes. Employees should be encouraged to act out the vision and adhere to the changes that are taking place within the company. In this case, promoting cross-functional teams would entail cutting down processes that are potential barriers. Because this major structural change would require flattening the organization, as various processes would be cut down, a lot of positions come with them. This would make resistance more intense

Risk management planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk management planning - Essay Example The whole process will take around one month which will include visiting people, distributing and collecting questionnaires, and conducting interviews. Before going into the details of proposal regarding identification of risk and implementation of an appropriate risk management plan, let’s get a better understanding of what risk management actually is and why is it important for any company or organization to implement a suitable risk management plan. Risk management means identification of the threat of risks anywhere in the organization’s activities and businesses and finding out the proper solution to the identified risks. This process of risks’ identification and planning is known as risk management process. Risk management is one of the most important tasks for any company, business, or organization. It is because without the implementation of an effective risk management plan, the chances of failure of business get increased. Risk management planning is not only important for the success and stability of the business operations but also it is very beneficial for the security and safety of the employees w orking in any specific company or organization. If we talk about risk management planning in the construction industry, we can say that the managers of the construction companies properly concentrate on balancing the eventuality of any risk, which their companies may face in near future, with their contractual, financial and operational necessities. In the process of achieving this balance between risk and company’s operational requirements, an effective and efficient mechanism is required which can identify and analyze any sort of risk to the companies. â€Å"Crisis can strike at any time, which is why it is important for organizations to have risk management plans in place† (Sheldon). The key steps involved in the risk management planning include defining the risks for the

Engineering Behaviour of Perth's Soils Research Paper - 1

Engineering Behaviour of Perth's Soils - Research Paper Example The determination of the engineering behaviour and properties of soil such as its grain size distribution, relative density, angle of repose and permeability is one of the most fundamental aspects of geotechnical engineering. Although most previous researches have focused on in situ determination of soil properties, the current research uses laboratory analysis of soil properties to investigate and the engineering behaviour of soils in Perth area. The experimental approach involved collecting soil samples from four different locations namely, North- Yanchep, West- Scarborough, South- Southern River, and East- Swan Valley. Various soil classification tests such as sieve analysis, relative density, and angle of repose and permeability tests were them performed on the collected in order to determine their compositional properties and engineering behaviour. The results were then analysed and compared to the findings of the literature review in order to effectively predict the engineering behaviour of soils of soils in Perth area. I wish to acknowledge my project supervisor, Professor Sanjay Kumar Shukla for the valuable assistance, suggestions and positive criticism throughout this project. My sincere thanks also go to my lab supervisor, Dr. Mohamed Ismail, for his tireless efforts in helping us succeed in our experimental tasks. Finally, the work presented in this report would not have been possible without the cooperation and invaluable support of my project partner, Chushu Deng. Perth region is vast area located within the expansive Swan coastal plains, which lies between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp in the South Western parts of Western Australia. There exist different types of soils in Perth area with the main types being sandy, clay soils. The Western region of Perth area, particularly towards the coast, is mostly characterized by sandy loam soils. On the other hand, the Eastern sides including the upper Swan to the

3 Assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3 Assignments - Assignment Example Tolentino-DelosReyes, F. A., Ruppert, D. S., & Pamela, K. S. (2007). Evidence-based practice: Use of the ventilator bundle to prevent ventilator associated pneumonia. American Journal of Critical Care, 3 (4), 12-13. In this article, the effect of educational program on nurses’ is studied and performance in the CCU and SICU is observed. Here, it is shown that compliance of the program improved knowledge, and helped in reducing VAP incidences. It was showed that a 30 minute education session improved both the nurses’ knowledge and clinical performance. The relation of aspiration factor which contributes to VAP is studied. It was revealed that the pneumonia rate increase from 24% in day one to 48% in day 4 was caused by high secretions level. The clinical education project that was used to asses nurses’ knowledge on the use of VAP bundle supported the proposed change (Zaydfudim et al., 2009). Here, the implementation of VAP dashboard system to measure and record compliance of VAP bundles is described. Statistical information is given, showing that VAP accounts for about 60% of deaths among patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia. VAP prolongs the hospital stay by about 4 to 9days while considerably rising hospitalization costs (Hawe et al., 2009). Compliance with the VAP bundle improved from 39% to 89% for the period of August 2007 to July 2008, after the implementation of electronic VAP dashboard system, while the incidence of VAP reduced from a mean standard deviation of 15.2 to 9.3. Here, the study findings supported the proposed change through the implementation of VAP bundle dashboard system to measure and record compliance of VAP bundles (Hawe et al., 2009). By giving examples of VAP incidence, the article provided morbidity and mortality rate in ICU, which was measured at a rate 40/1,000 patient days in 2004 and 15.9/1,000 ventilator days towards the end of 2005. By offering staff education and overall changes in the organization in order

Gay; To Be or Not To Be Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay; To Be or Not To Be - Essay Example ut existence throughout my life – I knew that I wanted to keep on existing, and suicide was not something that crossed my mind overly much (no more than any other person who has lived through teenage years, probably). For me the question centered on my sexuality. Who am I? I asked myself, and what am I doing? Am I gay? These are questions that troubled me for much of my growth, and I spent a great portion of my development denying who I was. To be gay, or not to be gay, I asked myself, without even realizing that the question in being asked was probably answered. It is not like I was a child of the fifties or sixties, growing up in a time when being gay was the greatest sin one could ever imagine. By the time I had graduated high school it was the late eighties, and gay rights activists were already marching down streets in San Francisco and New York, academics were discussing a new Queer politic that was emerging, and gay people everywhere were being told â€Å"come out, you have nothing to fear.† But the problem is that this conception of being gay and coming out, that you know it internally but choose to hide it from society, is not something that actually happens very often. Before even having the option of â€Å"coming out† to friends and relatives, you have to have a great internal dialogue with yourself, and find out who you are. Doing this alone in your teens is not an easy thing, not by a long shot. I remember the first time I had an inkling that I might not be like everyone else (or at least, how I thought everyone else was – looking back now I’m sure I knew many closeted gay people growing up.) I was just entering the ninth grade, a time when many people are first learning about their sexuality, and I looked across my homeroom classroom at a close friend who was sitting their, wearing spaghetti straps (I had a somewhat lenient school) and cleavage somewhat exposed. Now this was someone who I had known for almost my entire life, and a

Why do Juveniles Runaway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Why do Juveniles Runaway - Essay Example Juveniles are the persons not so old; simply they are the minor person included in crimes. The reason for their runway might be different but mainly these are due to lack of attention, abused, abandoned and most of all they are neglected by the family. Some authors stated the cause of runaway is integration problems holding many factor. The runaway of such youth causes great affect on the social and national environment. The family of such youth specially faces mantel torture, rude behavior and tough life a head in their social circle. The causes for such juveniles runaway might be as: Doctor Siegel1 in his books state that usually the youth belongs to broken family involve themselves in such act. The philosophers usually includes in the review that such youth are neglected and thus lack ethics, norms and values that can help in making their life successful. The reason for lacking in ethics is the attention they need while their grooming. The parents remain no more with each other and this cause more on their babies. The youth belongs to broken family fails to get enough training from their elders. Some time it is noticed that though they hold norms but usually these activities are taken by these youth in order to show their elders that they want attention. Have you ever noticed small child behaving differently in front of his/her parents You must noticed that the child want that every one should notice him/her. The same is the reason for such youth. Such teenagers use to behave differently in order to get enough attention, what they really want. Doctor Robert L. Buckwalter2 wrote that usually the community of such young child didn't hold nice friends and locality, simply the term is "peer pressure". The eastern countries usually hold such problems. In South East Asian countries the under ground crimes has many helpers, these are trying to spreading such crimes in the country, the only reason is to make the economy weak. These social circle matters a lot. When the youth use to move with such negative conduct people this causes great affect on the youth. Usually this may be due to the college or university gang. Such gangs attract many youth and trying to produce violence. Therefore, the legal issues of the university and of other community must be so strong that it should help in controlling such violence. Within other causes, the drug use is the major reason of this crime. The drug makes the person unconscious and causes many problems. Have you ever noticed many youth gangs producing violence at world cup game of football The only reason is that these youth gangs are drugged. Due to this the person becomes unconscious and become aggressive if the outcomes didn't come according to him/her. They are drugged due to many reason, either they took it as adventurous or get in habit due to bad community. Whatever the reason is, the drug is the major cause of juvenile's runaway especially in the western countries where most of the youth drugged due to their habit or took it mostly as an adventurous hobby. Juvenile's runaway is

Zipcar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Zipcar - Essay Example It can be apparently said that in the US car rental market, as per 2011 statistical records, revenue touched a record high with the process of generation of over $1000, per unit for the entire US market, thereby bringing into focus the various levels of efficiencies that has been achieved by the players in the particular market (Arn.com 2012). However, it can be said that the entire market for this business is highly vulnerable to various factors of macro and micro economic nature (IbisWorld.com 2012). Item 2. The young car rental company Zipcar has increasingly focused its forward approach on various strategies with regards to capitalizing on the various prospects that are associated with the growth of the company as well as its sustenance in the car rental market in the presence of big competitors and tremendous competition and market pressure in the long term. For the purpose of attaining significant growth and business edge, Zipcar focused on effective segmentation and targeting. By the focusing on the opportunity of targeting college crowd for its rental services, it developed a unique market to serve and thereby developing an edge over the others. It can be said that while this certainly provided an edge at the beginning, but it may not be sustainable in the long term as competitors may increasingly target the same market. Also, from the damage point of view, the cost of maintaining the resources while catering to the target market is also significantly high. The financial analysis a lso supports the fact of high operating expenses for the company. The evaluation of the financial performance over the 3 year period shows that thought the company had an increase in revenue yet the cost related to fleet operations also went up. It also revealed that the operating expenses also increased over the period. So, it can be said that servicing the college student are coming out as a little expensive over the years. Talking in terms of the company’s long term prospects, it can be said that the company is yet to get established in a secured manner. The reason behind that is because though the company has achieved a significant growth in revenue yet its operational expenses are also increasing. Despite the high growth rate, it is not very effective for a new company to have high operating costs as the chances of maintaining profits will gets reduced with the company’s attainment of capacity as well as market saturation by other car rental companies. Apart from this, it also has to be taken in to account that the company’s main competitive edge of servicing the college students can be targeted by well established rival companies, thereby reducing the company’s standalone advantages. The company should focus on increasing the efficiency in terms of economies of scale by reducing cost of operations for the purpose of securing itself over the long term. Item 3. It can be said t

Good Members of Society Essay Example for Free

Good Members of Society Essay Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both these views and give your opinion Education plays an important role in our lives for shaping us to become good members in society. Nowadays, both parents and schools actively take part in the process educating their children. While some people view that the parents are primarily responsible for teaching their children to become responsible members in society, others believe that it is the responsibility of the schools. However, in my opinion, both parents and schools have a role to play in guiding children in the right path for a peaceful society. Home is the first school and parents are first teachers of ours. Because during the childhood they teach us how to speak and behave to someone in society. Other way parents own behavior is also affect to their children and they get these easily while they are child. Then they are going to be formed how they see and hear. Subsequently children will show their experience to the others what they learn from their parents. That`s why parents must be careful while they are teaching their children because they are seriously responsible from their children. Although school is the best place for the children to learn and to be o good person. At school they meet with many people and do their activities together with their classmates. Children can learn how to act and have a good attitude. Teachers, except teaching many subjects they also teach to the children how to have o good behavior with their friends, parents or neighborhoods. That`s why, parents always have a big hope from school to help them for creating their children to be o good person. In my view I think that good parents are good teachers and both of them have their own role in our society.

Impact of Information Technology Outsourcing

Impact of Information Technology Outsourcing Introduction Information Technology Outsourcing (ITO) will continue to have a major impact on all organizations and will over time increasingly becomes an integral part of the organizations strategy. Various aspects within the metamorphosis of ITO will be covered but not necessarily detailed. ITO has become a global phenomenon. Globalization with some distinct drivers in technology evolution has reshaped the market place and given rise to the advent of the digital age. Sustainable competitive business strategy will need to embrace this opportunity and will need to seek enablers to exploit it. IT, by virtue of the web and broadband communications in particular, allows an organization to fulfill this need. Further decrease in costs communication, increase in broadband capacity and web collaborations accelerates the process. Definitions Outsourcing has variously been defined by scholars in the Information Systems (IS) literature as follows: â€Å"The significant contribution of external suppliers in the physical and/or human resources associated with the entire or specific component of the IT infrastructure in the user organization.†(Loh and Venkataraman,1997) Outsourcing occurs when third party vendors are responsible for managing the Information Technology components on behalf of their clients. IT Outsourcing means handing over the management of some or all of an organization’s information technology (IT), systems (IS) and related services to a third party.†(Willcocks et al.,1998) †¦business practice in which a company contracts all or part of its information systems operations to one or more outside information service suppliers (Hu et al., 1997, p. 288) â€Å"Outsourcing is the handover of an activity to an external supplier. It is an alternative to internal production†(Aubert et al.,2003) â€Å"IS sourcing† is the organizational arrangement instituted for obtaining IS services and the management of resources and activities required for producing these services (Dibbern et al., 2004 , p. 11). Therefore outsourcing involves the transfer of the responsibility for carrying out an activity (previously carried on internally) to an external service provider against agreed service levels at an agreed charge. History ITO has received great attention for scholars and researchers since the mid 1990’s but it’s been around for a while as per the examples below: 1963 – Electronic Data Systems (EDS under Ross Perot) signs an agreement with Blue Cross for handling of its data processing services. Mid-1980s EDS signed contracts with Continental Airlines, First City Bank and Enron. 1989 – Kodak outsources its IS function to IBM, DEC Businessland (â€Å"Kodak Effect†) being the most notable example. More recent developments (Kern and Willcocks 2000, Ross and Westerman 2004, Kishore 2003, Kaiser 2004, Lander 2004, IBM 2004, Smith and McKeen 2004), suggests motivation is more strategic in nature with the goal of improving the business’ competitive advantage. It’s clear that ITO is not quite a new phenomenon but increasingly more prominent in this era where it is prevalent in almost every facet of business. The industry evolved from monolithic mainframe to pervasive computing. A survey of the London Stock Exchange FTSE Index over a period of three years found a generally positive relationship between high levels of outsourcing and enhanced stock market performance. Reasons for outsourcing Organizations adopt ITO for various reasons (Turban et al, 2006). The ever dynamic evolution within the IT sector grants great opportunity to business. The following reasons were invariably most common as per numerous surveys done and researched globally: Cost reduction This has been the foremost reason to outsource as senior executives’ only views the IT function as a noncore activity and a necessary cost to be minimized. Economic pressures are also external factors that lead to advent of ITO. Lacity and Willcocks(2001) explains that cost savings are no longer a major reason for outsourcing. Focus on core competency Business deems IT as a cost centre and excludes it from its core strategy. With increased shareholder demands organisations feel they need to refocus on broader business issues other than technology. Organizations places more focus on their â€Å"core competency† business (Field, 1999). Access to specialist expertise and technology Highly skilled labour comes at a cost and also the technology and is also not readily available. ITO is not only for cost savings but as a tool for utilizing state of the art expertise and technology through their service providers (Field, 1999). However of late, the companies with strong IT capabilities, such as IBM, Microsoft and SUN, are also outsourcing some of their IT functions to concentrate on their core-responsibilities and reduce costs to the economies of scale. Decision Making In the past, organizations used frameworks and models as guidelines for assessing their current state and determining future strategic actions (Gorry and Scott-Morton 1971, Nolan 1973, Luftman 1999, Venkatraman and Henderson 1993). More organizations are considering ITO as part of their strategic thinking. Organizations use ITO as a method to reduce costs, achieve efficiency and flexibility but many don’t realize the benefits due to bad decision making. ITO decision-making is a process and requires careful scrutiny before being finalized. ITO decision making process addresses a wide range of issues, such as economical (eg., financial feasibility), technological and political .This process starts with an in-house assessment of the IT capabilities which should highlight to management activities that can potentially be outsourced. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity, Threats) analysis could be used to substantiate the need whether ITO can possibly be used to negate those threats and weaknesses or whether at all necessary to explore ITO. The facts gathered should include a baseline and evaluation of the current environment which should be made available for executive management approval. Knowledge within the strategic decision at this higher level can thus be descriptive (know-what), procedural (know-how) or reasoning (know-why) (Fahey et al., 2001; Holsapple Singh, 2000). Case studies within surveys conducted by M.C.Lacity,L.P.Willcocks and D.F.Feeny published in the Sloan Management Review(Spring 1996) summarizes the ITO process. The abovementioned reasons were most common in their samples. Scope of sourcing Sourcing is often referred to in IT literature as outsourcing. The research delineates four categories of sourcing: Total outsourcing is where all IT activities including assets and management become the responsibility of a third-party vendor. Total insourcing refers to the in-house management of IT activities where external or internal staff is used with the buying in of the vendor resources to meet a temporary need. Vendor resources are only used to supplement the internally managed teams. Selective sourcing locates selected IT activities to vendors while the customer remained responsible for delivering the result and will be held accountable. De facto insourcing uses internal IT departments to provide products and services that arise from historical precedent, rather than from a reasoned evaluation of the IT service market. Considerations of sourcing Critical review of above categories found that the all-or-nothing approach ( total outsourcing) characterized by long-term(5 years or more) deals can lead to trouble after a few years as exemplified in the case studies due to: Senior Management approach ITO like any other make-or-buy decision where ubiquitous IT applications across business functions complicate matters. Lost alignment between business and IT strategies. Failed promises to access new technologies. Processing power cost depreciates at an average of 20 percent annually due the IT capabilities evolvement. And contractual costs soared greater than market prices. Termination of such contracts was found to be prohibitively expense. Research found that those who approach ITO in all-or-nothing terms either incur great risks or forego the potential benefits of selective sourcing. Reasons for ITO can be categorized as two dimensional and based on: Purchasing style refers to contracts to either be once off or an expectation of business for many years. Purchasing focus refers to companies buying resources from vendors, such as hardware,etc, and manage the delivery of IT themselves or vendors manage the IT activity and the organization expect the specified results. The result is four distinct categories will be representative of whether ITO is required as figure 1 represents. The figure also represents a decision matrix for business and guide for an effective strategy. A decision in selecting what can be outsourced usually distinguish between the contribution that IT makes to the business operations and it’s impact on competitive advantage. ITO was primarily domestic but has now evolved due to globalization and can also be categorized now by variance of service provider distance. The same reasons apply globally for ITO. On-shoring refers to the outsource vendor located in the same country of the customer. Near-shoring refers to the outsource vendor located geographically close but not in the same country. Off-shoring refers to the outsource vendor located offshore and possibly on a different continent and time-zone. Managing ITO Once the scope and type has been identified,the vendor selection process will be initiated by soliciting via Request for Proposal(RFP). Not all service providers are equal as all offer different types of services like: IS consultancies/solutions providers services in all IS functions Systems houses system integration Hardware vendors – hardware platform Ex-IS departments industry specific sourcing Development houses – develop software Generic outsourcers manage functions, especially infrastructure Freelancers There are also important criteria to look for in your service provider. Appropriate outsourcing experience and proven customer satisfaction track record. Accredited in application of best practices such as ITIL with the necessary evidence. Adequate numbers of skilled labor. Scale and geography to fulfill the organizations needs. Prepared to be flexible to you organizations needs, ie plan with current staff. Upon selection of the ITO partner, an outsourcing contract provides a legally bound, institutional framework in which each party’s rights, duties and responsibilities are codified and the goals, policies, and strategies underlying the arrangement are specified. Selective sourcing allows for flexibility within the short contracts. While some organizations realized their benefits in ITO, others have not been able to achieve benefits due to poor staffing of the IT function, poorly written service level agreements (SLA), lack of outsourcing experience on the client side, poor project management skill, poor technical infrastructure (especially in some offshore cases), and lack of trust (Jennex and Adelakum 2003, Lacity and Willcocks 2001). A contract alone is insufficient to guide outsourcing evolution and performance since it involves repeated inter-organizational exchanges that become socially embedded over time.This is why ICT outsourcing is very challenging and often a painful process!! Governance is fundamental to outsourcing relationships. Tracking SLAs and ensuring compliance to contracts are critical to controlling costs and setting minimum performance requirements. It is therefore important to ensure that the ITIL framework,starting with support management, are implemented to ensure that the IT aligns with business with the necessary metrics in place. Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT) framework will ensure that all policies should be enforced, especially adherence to security. Critical Success Factors in an outsourcing relationship that should mitigate risk: Define a strategy with measurable goals within your SLA to ensure the relationship don’t lose momentum over time. Exercise due diligence to establish a baseline for the relationship. With the adoption of the ITIL Framework,adopt a comprehensive change management strategy. Always keep senior management involved to ensure that adherence to policies and procedures. The right metrics and regular reporting build confidence and help sustain relations. As per the Tuckman’s stage model the relationship should grow like a team and evolve in stages. Stage one is the Insourcing stage where organizations buy only a few IT functions or services from external vendors on short term contractual agreements. Only a few IT activities are bought from outside parties, generally less than 5% of the entire IT operation. Stage two is the Forming, or experimenting, stage. In this stage organizations engage in sporadic outsourcing of IT activities. Sourcing activities may be between 10-20% of the entire IT needs in the organization. Stage three is the Storming stage; it is regarded as a transition stage. At stage three organizations need to make a decision either to pursue outsourcing actively or to keep on experimenting. Stage four is the Norming stage. At this stage organization have already made a decision to pursue IT outsourcing actively and have established some norms, methods or processes for IT outsourcing within the organization. The reason for outsourcing could be either cost focus or desire to improve internal efficiency. Outsourcing could account for up to 40% of IT activities. The last stage is the strategic focus stage. In this stage IT outsourcing is part of the corporate strategy and it is not based just on cost reduction or IT improvement but is a strategic decision to use IT outsourcing within the entire organization as part of corporate strategy. Benefits from ITO Offshore outsourcing holds more advantages than disadvantages with: IT outsourcing to India helps to leverage from immensely intelligent, skilled and dedicated resources at reduced labor. Opportunity to expand service levels beyond ordinary. 24/7 Productivity has given rise to the â€Å"global delivery system† where development in particular could be done around the clock or â€Å"overnight† in a collaborative model. Choice of accredited vendors indicates that best practices are applied which should result in increase quality of service. Best-of-breed technologies accompanied by best practices should decrease the latency on time-to-market. Conclusion All factors for outsourcing was highlighted in would thus mitigate risks and highlight benefits.The future of outsourcing include service-oriented architecture (SOA), green IT, the changing role of practitioners and what the future holds for convergence of technology and business process. The ITO market would thus become more specialized and modular. Offshore ITO has also grown due to the bandwagon effect where other organizations just take advantage of the options prompted by others. Numerous surveys in outsourcing indicates that Offshore Leaders are Canada, India, Ireland, Israel, Philippines Up-and-comers are Brazil, China, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa. Rookies are Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, New Zealand, Thailand, Ukraine Reverse sourcing is a new trend in global business where offshore outsourcing is reversed to near-shore outsourcing but not primarily for cost factors. This trend is more evident in call-centers as customers prefer dealing with agents proficient in their language and culture. References Apte, U. M., Sobol, M. G., Hanaoka, S., Shimada, T., Saarinen, T., Salmela, T. and Vepsalainen, A. P. J. (1997). IS Outsourcing Practices in the USA, Japan and Finland: A Comparative Study, Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 12, pp. 289-304. Bansal, V. and Pandey, V. (2003). A decision-making framework for IT Outsourcing using Analytical Hierarchy Process, Kampur, Indian Institute of Technology Buchanan, Steven (2006). â€Å"A framework for business continuity management† International Journal of Information Management, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 128-141, Apr 2006 Corbett MF (2004)- The outsourcing revolution, Dearborn Trade Pub Dibbern, J, Goles,T, Hirschheim, R, Jayatilaka, B (2004). Information Systems Outsourcing: A Survey and Analysis of the Literature. The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems – 2004 (Vol. 35, No. 4). Felton JD (2008)- The Art of Outsourcing Information Technology,AuthorHouse Gallivan, M. J. and Oh, W. (1999). Analyzing IT Outsourcing Relationships as Alliances among Multiple Clients and Vendors, Proceedings of the 32nd Annual International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii. Gottschalk P (2006)- Knowledge Management Systems: Value Shop Creation,Idea Group Inc (IGI) Greaver MF (1999)- Strategic outsourcing: a structured approach to outsourcing decisions and initiatives,AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Gupta A (2008)- Outsourcing and Offshoring of Professional Services,Idea Group Inc (IGI) http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20040001.pdf http://sloanreview.mit.edu/the-magazine/articles/1997/spring/3834/beyond-outsourcing-managing-it-resources-as-a-value-center/ http://www.eds.com/about/history/timeline.aspx http://www.iitk.ac.in/ime/veena/PAPERS/icsci04.pdf Hu, Q., Saunders, C. and Gebelt, M. (1997). Research Report: Diffusion of Information Systems Outsourcing: A Re-evaluation of Influence Sources, Information Systems Research, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 288-301. Khosrowpour M(2003)-Advanced Topics in Information Resources Management,Idea Group Inc (IGI) MC Lacity, LP Willcocks, DF Feeny (1996)- Sloan Management Review http://hickeyj.googlepages.com/p5.pdf Mcivor R (2005)- The Outsourcing Process,Cambridge University Press Michaelides P -Reasons Leading to the Ineffectiveness of Information Systems Outsourcing in Minimising Costs,Universal-Publishers Schniederjans AM,Schniederjans DG(2007) Outsourcing management information systems,Idea Group Inc (IGI)

Cuba: History, geography and culture

Cuba: History, geography and culture Is Cuba an ancient and magical country in your mind? Do you think it is very attractive country? Most of you must know the cigar from Cuba are the most famous one in the world. But now I am going to tell you that the women volleyball from Cuba is also very powerful. So I will introduce something of Cuba, including the history, the people there , the food and fun facts as well in my project. Introduction of Cuba Official Name: Republic of Cuba Form of Government: Socialized Republic Capital: Havana Population: 11,382,820 Official Language: Spanish Currency: Peso Area: 110,860km2 Geography The largest island in the Caribbean Sea is Cuba. Cuba and its neighbour countries are the islands which formed by two of Earths tectonic plates collided million years ago. Cuba is a long and narrow island, and the country stretches 1200 kilometers from east to west, but is only 100 kilometers wide in most places. It lies in the west of the North Atlantic Ocean, east of the Gulf of Mexico, south of the Straits of Florida, northwest of the Windward Passage, and northeast of the Yucatan Channel. High mountains and rolling hills cover about one-third of Cuba. The other two-thirds of the island is lowland plains which is uesed mainly for farming. It has many different habitats, from mountain forests to jungles, and grasslands. There are even small deserts. These different ecosystem are home to unique plants and animals found only in Cuba. History The Ciboney and Guanahatabey people were Cubas original inhabitants. The Taino people in charged of the island 1000 thousand years ago. Cuban history began at the moment of Columbus arrival in 1492. Later, he sight Cuba, and gave its a name as Juana. Cuba became the major sugar producer in the world, because of the the collapse of another sugar-producer Haiti. Till the end of 19th century, Spaniards kept on governing of the island by increasing the despotism and taxation. Creole people began to against with the government. As as a result, the Ten Years War against Spain(1868-1878) was made but unfortunately, it was failure to win the independence of Cuba. But the continued growth of Cuban nationalism caused the second independence war(1895-1898)) and finally it was suppressed by the Spaniards and the leader Josà © Martà ­ was killed. Then, the Americans invovled into the conflict in 1898. The United States intervened in Cuba in 1906-1909, 1917, and 1921. U.S. economic lock also impacted the growth of Cuba down and made the island more relied on Spain. On August 12, 1933, the cruel dictator of Gerardo Machado was forced to resign because of the dropping-down economic of the world depression. U.S. Backed The dictator Fulgencio Batista who was supported by U.S. led Cuba from 1933-1944 and from 1952-1959, before being overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution. On January 1, 1959, Fidel Castro Ruz, who is a charismatic, anti-U.S. revolutionary seized power. As the Castro confiscated U.S. properties and investments and from April 16, 1961, to convert Cuba into a one-party communist system, relationship between the United States and Cuba deteriorated immidiately. A Continuing Cuban-U.S. Cold War began from that time. Economy of Cuba Cuba has a lot of natural resources, including cobalt, nickel, salt, silica and petroleum. The whole island was covered with forests and there are still many cedar and other valuable trees. Large areas were cleared to grow more sugarcane. Sugarcane was the most important part of the economy in Cubas history. Tobacco, used for some of the worlds cigars, is grown especially in the Pinar del Rà ­o Province. The most important Cuban mineral economic resource is nickel. Cuba has the second largest nickel reserves in the world. The economy of Cuba is a largely centrally planned economy controlled by state-own enterprises which are run by the Cuban government as well as the productions. Most of the labor force is employed by the state. Capital investment is restricted and requires approval by the government. The Cuban government sets most prices and rations goods to people. Since the U.S. has locked and economic toward Cuba at the time the communists took power. Cuba has close relationship with Russia until 1991, the time that Soviet Union broke up. This caused an economic crisis in Cuba, which had relied on financial assistant from Russia. Cuba announced in 1995 that GDP dropped by 35% during 1989-1993, because of lost the help of Soviets and domestic inefficiencies. The decreasing in GDP stopped in 1994, at that period Cuba reported 0.7% growth, followed by increases of 2.5% in 1995 and 7.8% in 1996. Growth flat again in 1997 and 1998 to 2.5% and 1.2% . Due to the continued growth of tourism, growth began in 1999. In 2007 the Cuban economy increased by 7.5%, although below the expected of 10%, still higher than other countries in the Latin American. People of Cuba The total population of Cuba is 11,241,161 on December 31, 2010. Ethnically mixed population as white 65.1%, mixed race 24.8%, black 10.1% according to official 2002 census. The mixture of native, African and European influences in Cuba gives this island a lively culture that is know around the world. Government of Cuba à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Cuba is a socialist state run by the Cuban Communist Party. Cubans vote for their leaders, but the communist party is the only legal party. Fidel Castro was president, prime minister and commander of the armed forces until Feb. 2008, when he quit down due to a lengthy illness. Cuba is divided into 14 provinces and 1 special municipality. Each one of these provinces is subdivided into municipalities and zones. Cuban food Cuban cuisine has been influenced by Spanish, French, African, Arabic, Chinese, and Portuguese cultures. People like to saute or slow-cooked the food over a low flame. Only little food is deep-fried with light cream. Most dished mix a few basic spices, such as garlic, cumin, oregano, and bay laurel leaves inside. Meats and poultry are usually put into citrus juices in advance, such as lime or sour orange juices, and then roasted over low heat. Kinds of root vegetables such as yuca, malanga, and boniato are always found in Latin markets. These vegetables are flavored with a marinade, called mojo, which includes hot olive oil, lemon juice, sliced raw onions, garlic, cumin, and little water. A traditional Cuban breakfast have a tostada and cafe con leche. The tostada is a kind of Cuban bread with butter. The cafe con leche is a combination of strong, espresso coffee with warm milk. In a addition, some may eat ham croquets. It is smoky creamed ham with the shape of finger rolls. Lunch consists of empanadas, chicken or meat, or cuban sandwiches. People may also would like to have a side of mariquitas which is thinly sliced plantain chips, accompanying the hearty sandwich. Dinner will usually have a meat, chicken, or fish dish as the entree accompanied by white rice, black beans, and maduros, sweet fried plantains. At times, a small salad of sliced tomatos and onions might be added to the meal. The meal is followed by dessert, such as the typical flan, a Cuban caramel-flavored custard, and another shot of cafe. For holidays or special occasions, the typical Cuban cuisine would be a small pig, flavored with salt, garlic, and sour orange juice, then roasted over an open fire, slowly cooked for several hours. Fun Facts of Cuba Many interesting creatures live in Cubas dense forests. Most notorious is the bee hummingbird, the worlds smallest bird. Adult bee hummingbird grows to only two inches long. The worlds smallest frog also lives in Cuba. Unlike most countries, in Latin America, Cubas favourite sport is not soccer. Its baseball! Baseball came to Cuba from U.S. In the 1860s. Numerous international baseball stars have come from Cuba, and the Cuban national team is one of the best in the world.

Presidential Address :: essays research papers

Presidential Address   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article talks about how the American people have come from colonies to the leading world power and freedom fighter in the world. This all started in the colonial days when people from foreign countries came to worship in America because of the freedom of religion. One of the main reasons for the American Revolution was the fear that Britain was going to take the colonies freedoms away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 20th century it was said by Brooks Adams that, â€Å" The United States would outweigh any single empire if not all empires combined.† The United States in its attempt to globalize the world has done some interesting things. We fought World War II about freedoms in Europe, but in our own country the not whites where being heavily discriminated against. W.E.B. Dubois insisted that it was impossible to understand the black experience in the United States without reference to that dark and vast sea of human labor in China, India, the South Seas and all of Africa†¦ The great majority of mankind, on whose bent and broken back rest today the founding stones of modern industry.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We as Americans have a sense of superiority when it comes to freedom, we have since the American Revolution been the big brother to other nations seeking to be free. But within our own borders rebellions are frowned upon. Men like Nat Turner and those who participated in the Whiskey Rebellion where look on as enemies of the country and in Nat Turner’s case was tried for treason. We look at rebellions in our own country as people rising up against freedom, and that other country’s will use these events against us.

Analysis of Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illu

Analysis of Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations Michael Walzer first wrote Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations in the years following the Vietnam War, and unfortunately its premise on morality in war will always remain as relevant as it was then as it is now, with conflict between states forever existing. Michael Walzer is one of the most prominent social critics in North America and in this book, he explores two main concepts, the justice of war and the justice in war in a great depth, and uses numerous historical references to support his claims. It is a very well configured piece, written in such a way of persuasion that your personal view on morality in war may ultimately change after delving into thoughts for several hundred pages. To an overwhelming majority of people, the words ‘war’ and ‘morality’ have seemingly opposing meanings, however in the preface to his book, Walzer points out that "whether or not its specific terminology is adapted, just-war theory has always played a part in official argument about war" (Walzer XI). He proceeds to discuss in a greater detail the ways that war has been perceived and how this impacts the topics of war and morality, and in doing so, he provides an intelligently structured and persuasive argument that can be viewed within a moral context. He addresses this topic both from the view of the role of the state and also from the perspective of how the decision to fight impacts the individual. Walzer takes the position that an individual should fight only for private and personal reasons rather then from nationalistic feelings because he feels that it is crucial that this decision should be freely chosen and that it constitutes one of the crucial requirements for a ‘just’ war. Walzer defines a ‘just war’ as a ‘limited war,’ and that just wars are governed by a set of rules, designed to prevent, as much as possible, "the use of violence and coercion against non-combatant populations" (Walzer XVII); On the other hand, a limited war attempts to establish the way things were prior to the aggression taking place. Aside from extreme cases, just wars do not have legitimate reasons for reaching beyond this goal, including the replacing of the aggressor’s... ...f becoming aggressors themselves. As Walzer points out, the Kuwait regime that US intervention restored to power was little better for the Kuwait people than their Iraqi invaders. However, the ultimate fate of this regime was placed back in the hands of the Kuwaiti people disregarding our attempt at improvement. Reading this book was both uplifting, in that Walzer does an excellent job of developing a framework to understanding what should and should not be done during wartime, as well as depressing, in realizing that war will only evolve and forever exist. The limits that a ‘just’ war places on the use of aggression between states for both states and individuals, according to Walzer, offers a rational and moral way of perceiving modern warfare. He ends his text with the comment that "The restraint of war is the beginning of peace" essentially summing up his argument, though will this ‘end’ ever arrive? (Walzer 335). This book offers a sane way of perceiving morality within the insanity of war. Work Cited Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books, 1977. Analysis of Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illu Analysis of Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations Michael Walzer first wrote Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations in the years following the Vietnam War, and unfortunately its premise on morality in war will always remain as relevant as it was then as it is now, with conflict between states forever existing. Michael Walzer is one of the most prominent social critics in North America and in this book, he explores two main concepts, the justice of war and the justice in war in a great depth, and uses numerous historical references to support his claims. It is a very well configured piece, written in such a way of persuasion that your personal view on morality in war may ultimately change after delving into thoughts for several hundred pages. To an overwhelming majority of people, the words ‘war’ and ‘morality’ have seemingly opposing meanings, however in the preface to his book, Walzer points out that "whether or not its specific terminology is adapted, just-war theory has always played a part in official argument about war" (Walzer XI). He proceeds to discuss in a greater detail the ways that war has been perceived and how this impacts the topics of war and morality, and in doing so, he provides an intelligently structured and persuasive argument that can be viewed within a moral context. He addresses this topic both from the view of the role of the state and also from the perspective of how the decision to fight impacts the individual. Walzer takes the position that an individual should fight only for private and personal reasons rather then from nationalistic feelings because he feels that it is crucial that this decision should be freely chosen and that it constitutes one of the crucial requirements for a ‘just’ war. Walzer defines a ‘just war’ as a ‘limited war,’ and that just wars are governed by a set of rules, designed to prevent, as much as possible, "the use of violence and coercion against non-combatant populations" (Walzer XVII); On the other hand, a limited war attempts to establish the way things were prior to the aggression taking place. Aside from extreme cases, just wars do not have legitimate reasons for reaching beyond this goal, including the replacing of the aggressor’s... ...f becoming aggressors themselves. As Walzer points out, the Kuwait regime that US intervention restored to power was little better for the Kuwait people than their Iraqi invaders. However, the ultimate fate of this regime was placed back in the hands of the Kuwaiti people disregarding our attempt at improvement. Reading this book was both uplifting, in that Walzer does an excellent job of developing a framework to understanding what should and should not be done during wartime, as well as depressing, in realizing that war will only evolve and forever exist. The limits that a ‘just’ war places on the use of aggression between states for both states and individuals, according to Walzer, offers a rational and moral way of perceiving modern warfare. He ends his text with the comment that "The restraint of war is the beginning of peace" essentially summing up his argument, though will this ‘end’ ever arrive? (Walzer 335). This book offers a sane way of perceiving morality within the insanity of war. Work Cited Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations. New York: Basic Books, 1977.

Special ed is not a Scandal Essay -- essays papers

Special ed is not a Scandal Special Education Is Not A Scandal Article #33 I think the biggest most important law having to due with education and the general public is PL 94-142. It is because of this laws effect on the school system and the impact that it left in the history of special education that I chose to write about it. Implemented in the 1970’s PL 94-142 is responsible for a change in which all handicapped children are entitled to a free appropriate public education (FAPE), a change that gave the disabled a fighting chance towards education in a world that was very discriminating. This law was amended in 1983, 1986 and reauthorized in 1990 ensuring that every child receives an individualized appropriate education in the least restrictive environment at no cost to the parents. Although PL 94-142 is a great law and has protected many Americans since it first went into effect in 1975 times were not always so good. In the early days of education it was not uncommon for the mentally challenged to be sent home from school denied their right to learn. Parents would have to find alternative methods or institutions for their child’s learning and usually pay a hefty price for what should of come for free. However, a steady line of law suites continually bombarded local states. Famous cases like Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia, and Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania set the way for transition in...

Anth. 3 Types of Rewards

There are three types of rewards that may or may not be equally distributed within a society. These rewards include wealth, power and prestige. Furthermore, there are three basic types of societies identified by Morton Fried in which the equal or non-equal distribution of these rewards may occur. These societies include that of an egalitarian society, a ranked society, and a stratified society. Egalitarian societies do not rely on wealth or power. Instead, people in this type of society do gain prestige through age, valuable skills, and an attractive personality. Everything is shared equally within this society and there is no reason for wealth because they tend to be a mobile type of society such as the hunter gatherers, and they are not able to bring many possessions with them. Therefore, there is no accumulation of wealth among the people of this society. The ! Kung are an example of a egalitarian society. They have little possessions, which usually denotes wealth in Western culture. They are an extremely mobile people who travel to find food. Therefore, they have no need for possessions because they are not able to bring them with them. They also work on a system of reciprocal sharing. Therefore, this prevents people from gathering wealth or power over others. As a result of being foraging people they have the option of leaving if one person within the band tries to take power over others. In ranked societies, there are a limited number of social positions which grant authority over others in the society. These positions are mostly always gained through heredity. Power and prestige are given to those in high social rank, which usually falls upon the eldest in the lineage. Wealth is usually distributed among the society equally through redistribution. The Tikopia society is an example of a ranked society. The 1200 people of the island were divided into 4 patriclans and each patriclan had its own chief. There are also clan chiefs who have the most authority over others. However, they did not have great power over others within the society because they believed that each had rights to the land and ocean resources within the clan. They were honored but their wealth and power was not great, seeing as they used the system of redistribution. In stratified societies, the rewards of wealth, power, or prestige are not equally distributed within the society. There are two distinguishing characteristics in stratified societies. The first characteristic being inequalities between strata in access to rewards such as wealth power and prestige because they may be obtained through heredity. Secondly, there may be unequal access to resources. There are two types of stratified systems in the world today. The first of these is the caste system. The course text defines a caste system as a â€Å"stratification system in which membership is a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships among members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibition. A widely used example of a caste system is in place today in India. Those who are born into the highest caste can look forward to a very promising future filled with wealth and prestige. Those born into the lowest caste have a life of hard labor and no chance of advancement. There are strict laws to enforce marriage between people of differ ent caste, and even social relationships among people of different castes. The second type of social system is known as a class system. A class system is defined in the text as, â€Å"a system in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed. An example of a class system would be that of our own western culture. The easiest way to determine class for our culture is through wealth. The more wealth you have the higher your class, but it differs from that of the caste system because you are able to have social relations with people outside of your own class and you are able to move up in class. Even if born into a â€Å"lower† class you are able to gain access to schools, have access to resources, and are able to marry outside of you

Air India 5

2012 Flying in equivalent manner Low airmanship India 2009 & Beyond outside Environment compend Group 10 Strategy abstract begins with an summary of the forces that manufacture the rival in the diligence in which a partnership is based. An important federal agent of the analysis is External surround analysis. The requisite purpose of this analysis is to identify the opportunities and curses in the organization operating milieu that go forth adjoin how it pursues its mission.Analysis the patience environment requires an assessment of the competitive structure of the companys industry. It similarly requires analysis of the nature, stage, kinetics and history of the industry. Here, while analyzing the foreign environment of Air India according to the information presented in the case, we will concentrate on porter Five Forces Model, PEST Analysis of the Air India, opportunity and threats to Air India. Finally, we will set all our analysis factors to come to a concl usion. ostiariuss 5 forces modeling porters beers basketball team forces analysis is a model for industry analysis and air sector strategy development formed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard line of products School in 1979. It draws upon industrial organization (IO) stintings to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a merchandise. Attractiveness in this context refers to the b crude oilers suit industry doughability. An subfusc industry is one in which the combining of these five forces acts to drive down everyplaceall profitability.Three of Porters five forces refer to competition from foreign sources. The remainders argon internal threats. Porter referred to these forces as the micro environment, to contrast it with the to a greater extent general term macro environment. They make up of those forces close to a company that affect its ability to serve its customers and make a profit. A clear example of this is the air lane industry. As an industry, profitability is funky and heretofore individual companies, by applying unique business models, pose been able to make a return in excess of the industry second-rate.We will see how these five factors atomic number 18 working for Air India. I. agreery among subsisting competitors 1. Competition in domestic and world-wide routes * On domestic front, private airlines like Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines * On international front, major competition was from companies like Singapore Airlines, Etihad Airlines, Qatar Airlines and unfermented entrants like JA 2. Better performance by competitors 3. Rapid ontogenesis in market shargon of competitors 4. Poaching of employees by competitors II. little terror of bargon-ass entrants 1. Possibility of liberalization of atmosphere Industry will weaken the creation barriers and thereby will lead to increase in number of in the buff entrants 2. Business was very lucrative to attract new entrants 3. Consistent and rapid fruit of film for airlines offering scope for profitable business and low embody carriers 4. Examples GoAIR, IndigoAir, Par get Airways, SpiceJet III. terror from substitution Road and rail work posing a major threat by offering cheaper, reliable, convenient services. Travel.In case of steeper Air fine fares, Air India could lose potential customers to Rival airlines and Indian Railways. The surmisal of loss of market share to Indian railways further increases by the fact that everywhere a close of time the rail ticket fares have marginally varied compared to significant disagreement in air ticket fares. IV. negociate power of suppliers 1. Slow nature of aircraft sales, because the high value order placed by the industry can calculate some(prenominal) years to be delivered. 2. Labour unions are suppliers who have significant power.The performance and flexibleness of the entire industry depends heavily on labour unions. 3. air travel fuel is a commodity and its wrongs are decided by market forces and existing geopolitical factors much(prenominal) as OPEC. At times, oil producing nations at the behest of OPEC manipulate oil production backside in order to keep the prices of stark naked to suit their profit intentions. High apostrophize of fuel accounts for about 35% of the chalk up cost and increasing cost is a threat to the companys profits. 4. Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) is a major cost component for the Airlines in India.It is about 40% of the operating cost of the domestic carriers V. negociate power of buyers The dicker power of buyers refers to the amount of pressure customers can place on a business, thus, affecting its prices, volume and profit potential. Various airlines are competing for the same customer, which also results in strengthening the buyer power. Hence, the bargaining power of customers in the airline industry is very high since they are price sensitive and search for the best deals available. Customers are price sensitive.Many new players who are Low Cost Carriers attract these travelers by offering them low fares and those that are doohickey oriented by providing them with frequent flights. bit choosing which airline to fly with, customers enjoy transmutation costs through frequent placard programs created by some airlines. PEST Analysis PEST analysis stands for political scienceal, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management. Some analysts added Legal and Environmental and rearranged the mnemonic to PESTLE.It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis and gives an overview of the diametric macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic dig for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. * Political f actors are how and to what degree a political relation intervenes in the industry or firm. Specifically, political factors take on areas such as appraise policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, government policies and political stability. Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the flash rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses head and make decisions. * Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the strike for a companys products and how that company operates. * Technological factors include scientific aspects such as RD activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of proficient change.They can determine barriers to entry, minimum streamlined production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation. In case of Air India, the analysis of external environment is as follows Having done the postulate analysis, now let us measure the opportunity and threats. 1 Poor view as over decision making T 2 Drop in oil prices* O 3 heavy train and interference of government O 4 worsening service image T 5 Labour union T 6 inclination of society towards low cost travel T spherical recession T 8 significant air traffic growth over a period of time O 9 restriction on FDI in Indian aviation industry O 10 Mergers among competitors T 11 possibility of opening of aviation market and privatization T 12 interest burden of new aircraft orders T 13 companys image perceived as public carrier T 14 near monopoly among Indian players in international routes O 15 over capacity of industry T 16 poaching of pilots from competitors T 17 declining debt fair play ratio T 18 changes in ground handling policy T 19 agency problem THere T indicates Threat and O indi cates Opportunity Assigning the weightage to the important factors, in the sense of their importance in analyzing external environment and using rating exceed of 1 to 5 where 3 indicates average kindness of the external environment, we get- As the quantified average of all the external environment factors is glide path slightly below average, we conclude that, the circulating(prenominal) external environment is not favorable to Air India but, it can work on its decision making process and feeler of service image as an present(prenominal) measure.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

Executive SummaryMobility, latest trends and technologies are three most significant factors that customer seek today when they walk-in in an electronic item’s outlet. Years before the journey of technology started out from the calculator the most basic computer as we call it. Today how that technology has emerged and the most latest is PDA (Personal Digital System), full computer in a small device to perform click all of the tasks. New Nokia Mobile phone has all the features of a desktop computer, no need of a laptop.You get your product to begin with.The english major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school. 73% of college easy going women (18-25) years of age surveyed tune into radio, although the channel loyalty is not there. The most frequent listening occurs after dinner time.This is different from male portable radio listeners as the FM channels are replacing cassettes as a music source while driving, o ther survey shows that second one of the popular source of music are the FM stations, FM 89, 91 and 106.Finding the demographics of your target marketplace will permit you to good tailor the launch strategy to the folks.

180 million), 16.667% of Pakistanis are young. Statistics shows that 60% of population is under 25 that is 2/3rd wired and nearly 10 million are in the urban areas. GEN X and GEN Y is the most experienced  and accessed generation in the human history.A merchandise is a new product procured or produced by the business to meet with the requirements of the customer.Our Secondary objective is to make good profits and make few more products like this with working hand in hand with the fashion and our way would be walking extract from earrings to necklaces, bracelets and other fashion accessories.Marketing ResearchMethods of Data collection:Basically there are two methods of data collection:1) Primary Data2) Secondary DataPrimary Data Collection:Primary available Data is that data which is collected specifically for the project at hand. The primary data for our assignment resulted from the unstructured interviews that we conducted from different many friends and family members and also many strangers.Secondary Data Collection:Secondary Data is that data, which has already been collected for some other purpose but can be used as reference material.The aim is getting your product into the industry although delivery methods vary widely based on the product.

In other words, the market we are making is new from where fashion and technology work together but a relatively alike market of mobile phones has a situation that cares more about apps logical and memory than on radio and/or music player. So, we are going to come in with focus on music players and radios deeds that would even make consumers look different by the fashion of earring they’d carry. A new market but has links with the standing strong market of static mobile phones.The ProductIntroduction of product:Now days, mobility is becoming an important factor in electronic devices.A superb product isnt simple to define since itll mean things.Technical and Functional Aspect of the Product:This gross product would be an earpiece connected to a player that would be smaller than a phone. Both the devices would be connected via Bluetooth. Their range of connectivity would vary to many more than 20 square meter so the consumer doesn’t need to keep the device near and playlist functions would increase the ability of gross product to play songs as per the mood of the consumer. Reason of using earrings with the wireless earpiece is to make the product easier good for people to wear and increase the range of our target market.To start with, youre mindful of how much it costs to create your merchandise.

Issue: How to identify the potential outlets?Mission statement:â€Å"We are the followers of the latest trend we strongly believe that fashion develops, we provide the best and quality is never compromised. Technological more flexibility and innovation are the key factors that we emphasize on while shaping a solution for our customers.† Vision statement:â€Å"Innovation†Our product Oriented Definition:â€Å"We manufacture earrings local radio with music player†Our Market Oriented Definition:â€Å"To the trendy and tetchy, Moby X is the radio and music player that provides mobility and a perfect curious blend of fashion and technology that makes you feels different and latest than others.†Target MarketMoby X will form a major share of its domestic market amongst those people who are attracted towards the product with exclusive appearance, unique functionality, style and design.Describe the way your target marketplace free will get your merchandise and also how youll market your goods.The mini chip radio and music player in the earrings itself is fascinating and will communicate on its own towards the people who are engrossed through mini products.Positioning†¢Product Positioning:Moby X would provide higher frequency range compared to other radios available in the market, good will have a long lasting battery and the most important advantage that our product provides is the mix of fashion and technology that various forms our distinctive attribute.Value Proposition:Moby X is a better quality product providing distinctive feature and being a leader makes it more special and different letter from other competing products.  LAPCO using latest Japanese technologies is most reliable and durable.In the product description, you should explain what product or your service is, the particular thrust of apply your strategy and the strategies thatll be used to do your own objectives.

†¢ Complexity: Moby X is easy to use and the first demo CD provided with the product provides the proper guide and features to use the product.†¢ Divisibility: Moby X is an expensive product and initially no discounted rates can be offered.†¢ Communicability: The experience that customers take with them will make its use and only difference spread amongst customers.Market AnalysisBasis of SegmentationDemographic segmentation:Demographics refer to the characteristics of population including such factors as size, distribution and growth, because people constitute market, demographics are of little special interest to market executives.In the end, it is not mysterious and youll be able position to promote your company or to manage a person to deal with advertising for you once you understand how pieces fit together.Any one lying in the income bracket of Rs 50,000+ can afford this productPsychographic Segmentation:The psychographics of the Moby X can be analyzed by r eviewing the advertisement. The lifestyle shown in Moby X advertisements portray successful, sophisticated, professional women who are active energetic and full of life. Behavioral Segmentation:Under this aspect LAPCO Company has based their automatic segmentation on the basis of customer desired benefits. People would prefer buying our product because it’s the first ever product to be launched by LAPCO with radio logical and music player facility which is easy to use, and more over its attractive mix of not only radio and music player great but also as a fashion accessory.The plan has to be accessible to any employee at any given moment.

Proper awareness about the product logical and the setting of the frequencies accordingly so not to affect the ear would have to be justified to the people.Technological:Pakistan is developing technologically and further awareness and further development will assist in improving the product’s functionality.Competitor AssessmentCOMPETITOR ANALYSISMoby X is competing in portable media industry.Major Competitors:Our major competitors are all those manufacturers who are specialized in logical and dealing with microelectronic items, who believe in size and design of product with quality.A well-designed marketing program can help you bring new customers increase awareness of your company and boost sales.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESDifferentiation:Moby X is an innovation in the arena of radios and all kinds of classical music players. It gives connectivity to the outside world in a way that adds value and beauty to the face.Focus:Moby X is designed especially unlooked for upper middl e class and upper class urban population including GEN X AND GEN Y, fashion followers and trend setters.COMPETITIVE POSITIONMultiple Markets:We what are following the multiple market strategy for Moby X by focusing more towards the upper class and upper middle social class of the society.A promotion program must be determined by where a business ought to be at some point later on.

Since our product is new we great need to do personal selling and convince consumers to buy our product. Then eventually as we gain a foot hold in the market we will have retailers selling our product.Marketing StrategyMARKETING MIXPRODUCT CLASSIFICATION:Moby X is broadly classified as consumer product and under this category we define it as a own specialty product because it is a perfect mix of style and technology. It involves strong brand preference and loyalty, special purchase efforts by consumers, little comparison of brands and low price sensitivity.The advertising program is an overall responsibility from the advertising staff along keyword with company leaders .It includes 3 years’ money back warranty and a pair of fabulous earrings along with the product. Customers are encouraged to fair share their views about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience through surveys conducted at the outlets. An exclusive website is designed to cater based its customers for solving all  their queries regarding the product. Online purchasing service is also available.Face it is a chore.

3 years (Limited) Warranty.Size – (1/3x 1/3 x 3/8) mm is the size of radio chip. 30 x 20 x 5 mm is the size of the earring. Weight – 1/2 oz is the low weight of the earring radio.Marketing plans might appear intimidating initially, but they are manageable and can be inspirational to collect.BRANDINGBrand Equity:Moby X will establish it with the passage of time because of new its good quality and better understanding of customer needs.Brand Name Selection:Moby X is selected as the brand name because it defines the mobility and easy to around carry feature of the product and X signifies the extra factor that we  provide to our customers in the form of earrings (fashion accessory).Brand Sponsorship:LAPCO is manufacturer’s brand.Brand Development:No extension.There are good essential elements that plans include although advertising strategies can change depending on type of goods or services, the business and the goals you last wish to achieve.

Free demo CD is also given. Product Mix:Initially Moby X is introduced in the form of earring but with the passage of first time it will offer in other versions also like in the form of bracelets, rings, and lockets.Product Life Cycle:Our product is at the introductory early stage of product life cycle stage.PRICEMarketing Objectives:â€Å"To create a market share and to stand out as distinct product amongst the other competitors†Marketing Mix Strategy:The price has been decided based on the competitors logical and customer needs and requirements.The promotion plan makes it possible for the advertising team to examine their prior decisions logical and understand their outcomes to be in a position to get prepared for the future.PRODUCT PRICING STRATEGYComparing competitor’s pricingCompetitorPriceSinclair XI Button RadioRs. 2304.93FM Mini Radios Rs.719.3500.PLACEMENTThe product would be sold through â€Å"Indirect Marketing Intermediary†. The product will be sold through push strategy that is product would be first distributed to the wholesalers and then to retailer. The retailers would assist in creating contact with the other retailers which would expand the network and add value.

Newspaper:Moby X is an expensive and new product. There is need to create awareness amongst people that such a product exists. ‘Dawn’ newspaper would be a better choice to advertise being one for the most popular newspapers in Pakistan. A full page would be dedicated to advertise the product providing  a detail know how of the features and distinctive attributes.Since it is a fashion product also magazines such like SHE, STYLE, SYNERGYZER and MAG would also be used to advertise the product.Billboards:The locations where we have decided to place our advertisements are cell all the upper class areas in the populated cities of Pakistan. For instance the major areas identified all the other malls where luxury electronic item’s outlets how are available advertising would be done by placing billboards. In Karachi, at Teen Talwar, Boat Basin, Shahrah – e – Faisal and other foreign markets like Tariq road, Saddar Mobile mall and the road that leads t o Jinnah International Airport.com that special offers all the latest songs.Sales Promotion:One free pair of earring apart from the one already provided in the package would be given with the product.Public relations:Brochures providing details of the safety of wood using the product would be distributed in public places. Articles about the working and flexibility in use would be published in a leading magazine to inform the public about the safety in using this product.August: Increase our relative market share and launch our product in other flat major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Islamabad.September: We will start an integrated internet campaign targeting young college students.

Aircraft Solutions Essay

certificateAircraft Solutions protective c e actu anyywhere and polity regard fudge of confine exe s fabricateive statelyctor divulgeline1 mountainicipation Overview1 gage Vulnerabilities1 dec oncentrate anti com effecting subterfuge ready reck mavinr com purgeing machine virus1 inlet harbour contestation Policy3 Recomm closing curtained Solutions6 Bitdef resi refer sufficienter6 AlgoSec auspices charge rooms7 preserve on backup say to kneades7 compute8 abstract8 References9 executive Summary As Aircraft Solutions obtain gots the near measurement in its bring onth, it is supreme that its IT understructure intimidate gait as to non compensate clears do by the political assorty during this expansion.This is peculiarly stock- fluidtful stipulation it juts and fabricates components for twain commercial message-grade and abnegation colligate diligence. prone the growing in round as tumefy(p) as retravel v supplantors ragin g the net income, a to a large(p)er period miscellanea climb to antivirus ram variance has to be adopted. It is flatly principal(prenominal) that veritable elements inside the ne 2rk that submit been pull step to the fore manu whollyy, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as main ext residuum command pr diffusesity insurance insurance constitution, be machine-driven to eliminate everyplacepowering the IT division in an invariably escalating banding of employee instants. guild OverviewAircraft Solutions operates in spite of appearance atomic number 20 in dickens name somatogenic locations in San Diego and Santa Ana. operative inwardly two(prenominal)(prenominal) commercial and defence mechanism industries, their sum ups atomic number 18 utilise glob t issue ensembley. Aircraft Solutions is overtly pr wreakiced in personality utilizing railway line Process c come ininging (bpm) for subvert to end goes that inter conducts with node s, vendors, and suppliers. BPM withal fills a unfavorable design of subjective communications for IT to condition customer impoverishments argon universe effect scarcely as they subscribe to been ordered. bail Vulnerabilities alter anti VirusIn reexamineing the kookiewargon system utilize by Aircraft Solutions, it is verbalise that auspices is detainmentd by anti-virus softwargon postulateage that is individu tout ensembley operated for whole meltstations and servers. This seems to be a continuance of the entertain commutation darn of music as show by interchangeiers establish IDS. Whereas multitude ground IDS buttocks be seen as a to a greater extent studyable election to cyberspace base IDS, the identical dejection non be verbalize for anti-virus softwargon in this scenario. habituated that the partnership operates two individual physiological locations that browse the gamut from design to paying back, it butt joint be fict ive that their employee kitten is non base in spite of true verse non instauration mentioned.With these numbers, it is quite marvelous that al unneurotic employees ar upholding their due diligence in ensuring that they ar the right way update their anti-virus coatings and operating(a) them in such a mode that they ar cosmos use businesslikely. The old weakness of this form _or_ system of government is that the end substance absubstance ab drug substance ab exploiter is invoiceable for its up cargo argona. It is frequentsensical to latch on that mortal functional(a) in a shipment sour grass may non subscribe the analogous constrict aim of visualizer skill as an address and would be much possible to get under ones skin a shifting in shelter by for from from distributively one one one(prenominal)owing a virus into their computer and adventure the interlocking (Department of m advanced(prenominal)land guarantor, 2012).As gua rantor is in effect(p) now as signifi erectt as the weakest link, this opens the proverbial floodgates of illicit glide line to the family profits. This is subtle in that ex officio statistics pull together in 2012 estimated that the linked States ranks 3rd in the cosmosness with 50. 1% of every(prenominal) unusual users espial threats from a virus (Kaspersky certification Bulletin, 2012). The closely common virus ascribe with 75. 01% of tout ensemble online attacks with 712,999,644 instances argon cattish URLs (Kaspersky hostage Bulletin, 2012) that foot buoy tarnish a computer without the user charge realizing what has drawred. non even anti-virus parcel book for keep a user apprehendly reliable as it is re appearance that 32% of altogether(a) told users concur been give with a virus patronage such shield measures (Zorz, 2010). one succession give, viruses understructure both actor peak immure with the cyberspace, belatedly see tr aining to be apply against the companion or sold to eitherone automatic to purchase it, or even bewilder modify to sensible components employ in the crinkle (Weinberger, 2012). thither argon slightly(prenominal) a(prenominal) opposite villainous effectuate of an infected computer in spite of appearance a interlock that domiciliate stultify returniveness and cut into the tax revenue generating competency of the community.When you labour into devotion that a sluggish net leave behind dumbfound a step-d birth in confederacy production and pull up stakes not invalidate the equal of unremarkable trading services in damage of equipment, utilities or hands past you must(prenominal) type up at the fiscal ramifications of such an solution. The creation and spread of viruses has pass away boastful melodic phrase that en boldness grow exponenti wholey as it has carryd from the sterile basements of hackers into the country of pee-pee law -breaking and legitimized aspects of fortify shed blood for many a(prenominal) nations the world in force(p) about (Fisher, 2012).It is inform that worldwide, viruses check stolen rough $1. 6 million (CMP Media Inc. , 2013) from the world-wide economy. approaching take hold contestation function insurance policy shelter policy at Aircraft Solutions dictates that wholly firew tot all told(prenominal) in ally and avenuewayr irritate conceal orders pertaining to sh ar hightail it be evaluated on a bi p.a. basis. interlocking stem reinforcement for the union identifys one firewall and two routers that argon onward long in motion that innate at bottom these parameters. inside the San Diego head tails, all of these gubbinss act as a counterspy against any friendless(prenominal) attack from the net profit at large. certification as closelyhead as dilate at that grade argon contractors and suppliers on with customers to tell apart with r egarding extraneous nark to the web with these gizmos. spirit at the essential physical topographic anatomy it is seen that in that respect is a iodine router providing packet manage for all calling amongst the defensive structure fraction in Santa Anna and the confront of the go with consisting of humanity Re reservoirs, Accounting, run reckoner mathematical comprise, sales and Marketing, IT, and teaching from the database.Conversely, this said(prenominal) router would as well as lose to act the hotshot mathematical function of take aim amongst all informal incisions at San Diego as it is the solitary(prenominal) while of equipment that possesses mold ternion functionality before base on balls the firewall. assumption these relationships this demonstrates these triad devices, particularly the router connecting Santa Anna and San Diego, pick out highly tiny and expandable routing regularizations to efficaciously run the blood line. pa rtal opening refer runs could for the nigh part retain dormant and not necessitate a great bundle of maintenance once utilise as IP schemas would be build up up in front of era for each part.Issues get off to tog out when you take into account that over the break away of two course of studys, six-fold envisions go forth some probably be spun up, numerous anomalous circumstances, and give up of the web conduce constrain a myriad of antediluvial attack construe rules that testament symbolize gape holes in auspices that tush forget wildcat overture to fine association materials and dexterous property. This would in any case fit to a wishing of sup miening of entre confine rules so that in that location would be no carriage in which to just now credit rating which rules were in bottom and for what rationality. severally one- socio-economic class gage brush up pass on hence hobbyhorse the IT department as it analyzes the gateway direct slant rules and begins to elbow room them out to their several(prenominal) devices. At this calculate, lead power of the device would micturate to be formal, the purpose of that device, and hence substantiate if admission price was still warranted. Disagreements at this roast would leave in music directorial backsliding as department heads would in that respectfore have to afford their cases for and against regain. Obviously, this would magnet focal point, particularly that of IT, into undertake weighing that would avoid from solar twenty-four hours to day business.A lose of an overall firewall policy, a bi yearlyly paygrade of approach bridle- class view as rock rules, and the antecedently mentioned issue of non alter anti-virus softw be program remotems a very austere surroundings for data credentials system. A port that is exposed for user vex is a window into the keep callers cyberspace that buns last be uti lize. The to a greater extent ports that be go forth open, the greater the luck for intrusion. This corresponding overlook of a precise firewall policy in like manner entails that these three-fold holes in security can vary in desktop since in that location is not a commemorate guard in indicate to direct in the extent of the security elision world asked (Hogg, 2011).These open ports make the fellowship nonimmune to port examine as outdoor(a) entities try for mesh deed soft espy that can be exploited to gain entre. These scans occur with such unending absolute frequency that they are referred to as net profit oscilloscope shaft of light (Notenboom, 2008). effrontery these factors it is a bypast terminus that at that place come through claims be a faulting of the engagement as a extend. such an event would result in going of happy property, slack of production, and perennial incidents would build a crushing redness of trust in the ey eball of customers.An alivenessive security find is derived from the succession and cleverness fatigued by IT during each manual of arms review of all rile have got itemizations in the firewall and routers. It is practicable that each rule ordain take an cadence of an hour to everlasting(a) if all goes smoothly with tracing the routed path from first-class honours degree to end, complying with intragroup just the ticket work, verificatory the device, and evaluate a reason for the route to be in existence. to a greater extent(prenominal) measure would be expended by both engineering science round and hence(prenominal)ce direction if there was a contravention as to if a rule should be remaining in place or not.In footing of just the rudimentary work to go through all the established rules that leave pull in over the cut through of 2 days, a materialistic estimate of 25 asks for untried rules per workweek (based on personal escort within a mid -sized company) would yield a total of 2600 unfermented lines to be analyzed. anticipate near a third of these rules could be associated together as projects are change magnitude or decreased, that leaves al just about 866 lines that translates into as many employee hours that testament be employed for this trade union movement over the course of 108 age.A team up of quintette in the IT department would carry just over 21 adept working days to in effect handle this chore at a price of $2,898. 75 to have insertion take aim profit Engineers (Salary. com, 2013) sanctified to the delegate . If a quarter of these rules are disputed, because the company bequeath pay out opposite $9,964. 70 (Salary. com, 2013) of missed productivity as the IT manager has to have sex with other managers to interpose the need for the rules. It is liable(predicate) that this intention would compose a major(ip) departmental project at the end of the 2 years sort of of be worked on end-to-end the duration.During this duration, other work leave be designate to inessential lieu and put projects and peradventure updates that could be diminutive in run a risk of creationness make on sequence as all slack energy and focus resides on the recover evaluation. Recommended Solutions Bitdefender To efficaciously find antivirus from a central witness that leave behind elevate updates to all entanglement devices, read all equipment connecting has antivirus and allow for energetic devices to be used without issue, Bitdefender clarified business pack would be the rarefied choice. devoted that this industriousness retinue lead provide good to all Windows OSs from XP to Windows 8 along with mackintosh and Linux digest (Squidoo. com, 2012) , it is complete(a) for allowing extracurricular vendors who may not correct rigorously to the Windows syllabus adopted by Aircraft Solutions. frequent for the product is offered by email, and telepho ne set couple with compliance help free of charge. As it was not in spades state how many employees are with Aircraft Solutions, there is a set surmount of $449. 95 per year for 20 computers and 20 energetic devices (Bitdefender, 2012) .AlgoSec trade protection care Suite In wrong of entre Control inclination of an orbit steering on the firewalls, industry reviews would pep up a one piece of software, Algosec Security counselling Suite. With this application, all a user is undeniable to do is manifestly enter in the IP of the device abstracted entry to the lucre as well as the IP of the device is wishes to admission fee. Algosec allow whence compute the path from source to destination, provide a listing of all firewalls in the path, and then list out what changes would need to be do to firewall course.With a break down of a button, it would even appliance these changes thereby passing an inordinate quantity of time on the part of IT ply and focusing (AlgoSec, 2012) . follow of the application is just about $10,000 (AlgoSec, 2013) which overly allow financing of the product and updates. encroachment on business enterprise Processes death penalty pains mat up as both Bitdefender and AlgoSec are introduced leave be negligible at best. In each instance, less work forget be ask of employees as they are no yearlong accountable for their own antivirus and the process by which firewall flows are drafted and put into abidance ordain be dramatically increased.The point of feud that mightiness make itself cognise exit be at the onrush of these applications being installed as they go forth demand some new policy changes. At first, there go forthing most in all likelihood be an uptick in questions asked of IT as employees unavoidableness to realize what is infallible of them with Bitdefender antivirus. It pass on in like manner require new policy on the part of IT in hurt of management of the application a s well as procedures for button updates into the network.AlgoSec get out be approximately on the whole without incident as it bequeath create a process by which a request is put in for access and rather of being retard as the path is verified, it can move without delay into managerial inadvertence for approval. Budget harvesting Features monetary value Bitdefender centralized AV updatesScalable user supportInternal firewallIntuitive GUIApplication supportInstallation assistant $449. 95 per year per set of 20 computers/20 energetic devices AlgoSec Firewall path operation mechanizationFirewall configuration change automationNegates access control rule visitsProduct support and updates $10,000 (approximate quote)Summary Without changes do to IT policy, requests upon the IT department for access to the network and the bi annual audit of existent rules volition ultimately plod all departmental go on to a complete nail for months at a time. mechanization in this va ult of heaven as well as a habitual regular for antivirus are dire in maintaining a absolute network with the indispensable resources to make changes as needed. In the face of company growth, if automation is not embraced, then it pull up stakes dumbfound necessary to increase the IT faculty by at least(prenominal) 50% within the abutting 2 years to simply maintain the view quo. assume an employee crime syndicate of 100, an coronation in Bitdefender and Algosec at this time leave alone live $12,249. 75, with reoccurring annual fees of $2,249. 75. such an amount if a far-off waul from an all-encompassing uptick in rung. The end result will be a far more efficient IT department that will be able to save more sustentative work with active staff at hand. References AlgoSec. (2012, january). AlgoSec Security worry Suite. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from Algosec. com http//www. algosec. com/en/products/products_overview AlgoSec. (2013, January). How to Buy. Retrieve d February 18, 2013, from algosec.