A Rose for Emily Analysis Essay Sample

A Rose for Emily Analysis Essay Sample ‘A Rose for Emily’ Analysis: The Main Themes and Symbols of the Short Story William Faulkner’s ‘A Rose for Emily’ was his first published short story and is one of his most read and highly praised works. This ‘ghost story’ has an intricate enigmatic plot and offers immense possibilities for interpretations mainly due to its unconventional style. One of the most interesting analyses of ‘A Rose for Emily’ by SparkNotes suggests that the story reveals such broad ideas as complexities of the changing world, tensions between the South and North, and strict social limitations placed on women. The author describes the dank world of Emily Grierson who is the main character of this short story, a horrible world full of aberrant psychology and necrophilia. I am not going to give ‘A Rose for Emily’ summary but focus on a literary analysis of the short story. In this ‘A Rose for Emily’ analysis, I am going to discuss the main themes and symbols of the story. There are several themes here and the major ones include tradition vs change, isolation, the power of death, the decline of the old South. The story starts with a brief account of the huge funeral of Emily Grierson attended by the whole town. Then the narrator recollects Emily’s extremely strange behavior in a series of flashbacks throughout decades. The narration travels back and forth in time. By presenting the story in such a way, the author examines how the present and the past influence each other. Faulkner creates a complex multidimensional world where the past and the present coexist. Stretching the story out for approximately 74 years, Faulkner shows how a small southern town Jefferson is at crossroads, torn between the present and the past. Portraying the mysterious character of Emily Grierson, the author shows how the American South struggles to keep traditions when facing widespread, radical changes, trying to find a better way with each generation. Staying the same despite radical changes in her hometown, Emily Grierson represents the old traditions that the people of Jefferson want to respect and honor, but at the same time she is a burden and lives in a timeless vacuum completely cut off the outside world. Death is a prevalent theme in ‘A Rose for Emily’- there are 5 actual deaths in the story. Death prevails from the beginning when a narrator mentions Emily’s death and the rotting corpse in Emily’s bed also thematically reflects the decay of the old South. Emily is an emblem of the old South â€" she is a real grand lady but her respectability and grace decline as the time passes, like outdated feelings and values that the Griersons symbolize. Emily tries to take power over death by denying the very fact of death. These bizarre attempts are revealed in Emily’s necrophilia. Faulkner tells the story of Emily’s complete physical and emotional isolation which arouses the curiosity of the town residents. Emily is isolated and at the same time, she is always observed by the townspeople as a member of their community. ‘A Rose for Emily’ shows that Faulkner was influenced by Southern Gothics as a literary tradition when the authors explored extreme, antisocial behavior. Southern Gothics was based on the concept that everyday life and the refined attractive surface of the social order were too not real, illusory, hiding frightening realities. There are a lot of details that reveal the influence of the Southern Gothic style: the whole moody and forbidding atmosphere, putrefaction, decay. Emily’s house is also a symbol of the dying world of the Southern aristocracy. The house is lavishly decorated but it seems out of place among industrial surroundings â€" the same way as the old South sensibilities are out of place in the rapidly changing society. The house also represents the image of mental illness and death. There are also other unimaginably dark images in the story: a murder, a corpse, a mysterious servant who disappears when Emily dies, and the most horrible of all is Emily’s necrophilia. ‘A Rose for Emily’ is Faulkner’s most anthologized short story. It is a good example of Gothic and grotesque literature that generally contains terror, gloom, and understated violence.

A Rose for Emily Analysis Essay Sample

A Rose for Emily Analysis Essay Sample ‘A Rose for Emily’ Analysis: The Main Themes and Symbols of the Short Story William Faulkner’s ‘A Rose for Emily’ was his first published short story and is one of his most read and highly praised works. This ‘ghost story’ has an intricate enigmatic plot and offers immense possibilities for interpretations mainly due to its unconventional style. One of the most interesting analyses of ‘A Rose for Emily’ by SparkNotes suggests that the story reveals such broad ideas as complexities of the changing world, tensions between the South and North, and strict social limitations placed on women. The author describes the dank world of Emily Grierson who is the main character of this short story, a horrible world full of aberrant psychology and necrophilia. I am not going to give ‘A Rose for Emily’ summary but focus on a literary analysis of the short story. In this ‘A Rose for Emily’ analysis, I am going to discuss the main themes and symbols of the story. There are several themes here and the major ones include tradition vs change, isolation, the power of death, the decline of the old South. The story starts with a brief account of the huge funeral of Emily Grierson attended by the whole town. Then the narrator recollects Emily’s extremely strange behavior in a series of flashbacks throughout decades. The narration travels back and forth in time. By presenting the story in such a way, the author examines how the present and the past influence each other. Faulkner creates a complex multidimensional world where the past and the present coexist. Stretching the story out for approximately 74 years, Faulkner shows how a small southern town Jefferson is at crossroads, torn between the present and the past. Portraying the mysterious character of Emily Grierson, the author shows how the American South struggles to keep traditions when facing widespread, radical changes, trying to find a better way with each generation. Staying the same despite radical changes in her hometown, Emily Grierson represents the old traditions that the people of Jefferson want to respect and honor, but at the same time she is a burden and lives in a timeless vacuum completely cut off the outside world. Death is a prevalent theme in ‘A Rose for Emily’- there are 5 actual deaths in the story. Death prevails from the beginning when a narrator mentions Emily’s death and the rotting corpse in Emily’s bed also thematically reflects the decay of the old South. Emily is an emblem of the old South â€" she is a real grand lady but her respectability and grace decline as the time passes, like outdated feelings and values that the Griersons symbolize. Emily tries to take power over death by denying the very fact of death. These bizarre attempts are revealed in Emily’s necrophilia. Faulkner tells the story of Emily’s complete physical and emotional isolation which arouses the curiosity of the town residents. Emily is isolated and at the same time, she is always observed by the townspeople as a member of their community. ‘A Rose for Emily’ shows that Faulkner was influenced by Southern Gothics as a literary tradition when the authors explored extreme, antisocial behavior. Southern Gothics was based on the concept that everyday life and the refined attractive surface of the social order were too not real, illusory, hiding frightening realities. There are a lot of details that reveal the influence of the Southern Gothic style: the whole moody and forbidding atmosphere, putrefaction, decay. Emily’s house is also a symbol of the dying world of the Southern aristocracy. The house is lavishly decorated but it seems out of place among industrial surroundings â€" the same way as the old South sensibilities are out of place in the rapidly changing society. The house also represents the image of mental illness and death. There are also other unimaginably dark images in the story: a murder, a corpse, a mysterious servant who disappears when Emily dies, and the most horrible of all is Emily’s necrophilia. ‘A Rose for Emily’ is Faulkner’s most anthologized short story. It is a good example of Gothic and grotesque literature that generally contains terror, gloom, and understated violence.

The Murder Of The Young Hamilton - 1276 Words

On May 19, 1870 the child that would come to be one of the most disturbing serial killers in history was born. Hamilton Fish grew up in Washington D.C. in a working-class family. He seemed to have a normal life up until his father died when young Hamilton was five-years-old. In the aftermath of the death of the Fish family patriarch, the cost of raising Hamilton and his siblings became more than their mother could afford and the children were sent to orphanages. It was at the orphanage that young Hamilton discovered his proclivity for pain. Punishment within the walls of his new home was often doled out with whips and beatings. Eventually, Hamilton found he enjoyed not only being hurt but also seeing the other children abused, admitting that he loved to hear their screams. Nevertheless, Hamilton ran away every weekend in hopes of escaping the relentless abuse from his peers, who taunted him and made fun of his name by calling him Ham-and-Eggs. Fortunately, after three years his mothe r found employment with the government which paid enough for her to once again support her children. Upon his return home, young Hamilton begged his mother to change his name, citing the taunting he had received. She obliged by bestowing upon him the name of his deceased brother, Albert. By the time Albert reached adulthood, he had gained a good reputation as a house painter and married a young woman with whom he had six children. By all appearances he was a normal man with a normal life;Show MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Hamilton Howard Fish1716 Words   |  7 Pagesman by the name of Hamilton Howard Fish. Fish the youngest of four children was born to a young mother and a father by the name of Randall. Fish’s father whom was a boat captain that operated on a boat by the name of Potomac River also suffered from a type of mania. Hamilton’s father at the age of only 80 years old died of a heart attack. This is where the life of Hamilton Howard Fish began. Not being able to care for herself and a young child after Fish’s dad passed away, Hamilton found himself leftRead MoreEssay about Aaron Burr: One of the Most Notorious Traitors in History1049 Words   |  5 Pagesunhealthy childhood? All pieces in the timeline leading up to the infamous duel between Hamilton and Burr, are plausible contributors in the murder of Alexander Hamilton, and the attempt of treason. ​As an infant, Aaron Burr came close to death twice from severe fevers (Welling). At the age of two, Burr’s parents both became ill and passed away, making he and his sister Sally orphans. This is very traumatic for a young child to experience; it will also affect how cognitive his mind would be. The two siblingsRead MoreAlbert Fish : An American Serial Killer837 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Fish Hamilton Howard Albert Fish (May 19, 1870 – January 16, 1936) was an American serial killer. A child rapist and cannibal, he boasted that he had children in every state, and at one time stated the number was about 100. However, it is not known whether he was referring to rapes or cannibalization, nor is it known if the statement was truthful. He was a suspect in at least five murders during his lifetime. Fish was considered to be the most sexually perverted murderer in American historyRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Death Penalty1151 Words   |  5 Pagesdenied his appeal—executed, but historians say the case awakened Marshall to the ability of lawyers to empower oppressed communities. Later, Marshall won retrials for three young African-American men who had been falsely accused of raping a 17-year-old white woman in Lake County, Florida. Two of the Groveland Four (a fourth young man charged in the case had been lynched by a white mob after escaping from custody) were wrongly sentenced to death; one of them was murdered and the other shot severalRead MoreThe Black Men Should Not Be Used For Police Target Practice1104 Words   |  5 PagesKayla Lewis February 10, 2015 Project 1: Synecdoche America Fourteen Shots In a colorless world I would look like everyone else. In a colorless world young black men would not be used for police target practice. In a colorless world men would not be shot 14 times for sleeping in a park. But I do not look like everyone else. The mug shots sit patiently waiting to be blown away by a state issued sniper, and men are shot for sleeping in parks. Black men. Over the last few months the ignorantRead MoreHow the Media Influences Our Society Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesmore appealing forms of entertainment our society views. People of all ages like to watch violent movies and shows, and they like to play the more gory video games. However, we need to explore and realize exactly how much this media has impacted our young society. Some people viewing this violent media, especially the younger generation, want to be more like the characters they see because how they’re acting looks exciting. People want to imitate their favorite characters which leads to aggressive behaviorRead MoreMedia Violence And The Matrix1642 Words   |  7 PagesViolence and The Matrix What would draw someone to kill their own parents? In 2003, 19 year old Josh Cooke shot and killed his mother and father. What was particularly interesting about this murder case was Cooke was obsessed with the movie The Matrix and cited the film as one of the reasons for this murder. The Matrix is a movie about an alternate reality that is simulated by a computer, and the heros in the film fight, often with guns and other weapons, against those who are running this computerRead MoreThe Representation of Young Black Men in the Media News1028 Words   |  4 PagesTHE REPRESENTATION OF YOUNG BLACK MEN IN THE MEDIA (NEWS) We live in a media saturated environment where everything we know and what we consider to be important is often based on stories produced and displayed to us by the media, Brooks and Hebert (2006). Much of what we know and care about is based on the images, symbols and narratives in radio, television, film, music and other media systems. How individuals construct their social identities, how they come to understand what it means to beRead More Elie Wiesel’s Night 936 Words   |  4 Pagessurvive and those who die. Elie Wiesel’s novel, Night shows how Elie, himself, faces difficult problems and struggles to survive World War II. Wilfred Owen’s poem, â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est†, tells a story about a young soldier thinking of himself before others during World War I. The poem â€Å"Mary Hamilton† shows how a mother killed her child so she would not get into trouble. Sir John Harrington writes about a sad truth in the poem â€Å"On Treason†; th e poem reflects humanity’s selfish tendencies during tough timesRead MoreEssay on The Function of the Greek Chorus1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Greeks skill in weaving stories and imagery was so intricately powerful that a complete universe was created in their legends. The chorus was one of the primary tools for elegantly setting the stage for such detailed works. In Mythology, Edith Hamilton exalts the works of Aeschylus, which heavily employ the chorus for context, saying â€Å"With Homer, they are the most important source for our knowledge of the myths.† (17) The chorus provides insight to classicists, and it can inspire audiences as

Identity Theft Who is at Fault, Consumers, or Credit Card...

Identity theft is the stealing and use of someone’s personal information and is one of the fastest growing crimes in the nation (Dole, 2005). According to Federal Trade Commission estimates, identity thieves victimize approximately 10 million Americans every year at a cost of an astonishing $50 billion (2005). Identity theft has been going on for years now and is easily done with the help of today’s technology. According to the Federal Trade Commission, there are six common ways that identity thieves get a hold of personal information. The varieties of methods that are used are dumpster diving, skimming, phishing, changing the victim’s address, stealing, and pretexting (Federal Trade Commission). Once someone’s identity is stolen,†¦show more content†¦Credit card companies are not aware and do not make credit cards that can detect skimming devices. While using the internet, becoming a victim of phishing is very common. Between January 2005 and January 2006, more than 190,000 different phishing scams were reported (Privacy Matters). Phishing works on consumers because of poor consumer education and awareness. According to a study done by Harvard University and UC Berkeley called â€Å"Why Phishing Works,† 90% of subjects in the study were unable to pick out a highly effective phishing e-mail when simply judging whether it was genuine (Privacy Matters). Even though all of these things are somewhat out of the credit card companies control there still should be actions from the credit card companies to prevent the use of the information stolen from being used. Being a victim of identity theft myself, I know the struggles of dealing with this topic. The credit card companies are at fault because of their lack of security when it comes to credit card usage and existing information. Credit card fraud is the easiest to commit and the most common. The Bureau of Justice did a study in 2007 with 7.9 billion people surveyed on how many households with at least one member of the household has been a victim of identity theft. The statistics showed that existing credit card theft increased from 2005 to 2007 by 31% and with 6.6% of people, beingShow MoreRelatedProtecting Yourself from Identity Theft Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesdown. You pick up the mail and notice a letter from a credit card company you don’t have a contract with. Slowly, you open the envelope, not knowing what to expect. Suddenly, pure terror fills you as you stare at a bill for over five thousand dollars. You reassure yourself and say this obviously must be some mistak e. You never opened this credit card account, but yet it’s in your name and it is your address. You may not believe it, but your identity has been stolen and now someone is out there posingRead MoreIdentity Theft Essay1749 Words   |  7 Pagesdown. You pick up the mail and notice a letter from a credit card company you don’t have a contract with. Slowly, you open the envelope, not knowing what to expect. Suddenly, pure terror fills you as you stare at a bill for over five thousand dollars. You reassure yourself and say this obviously must be some mistake. You never opened this credit card account, but yet it’s in your name and it is your address. You may not believe it, but your identity has been stolen and now someone is out there posingRead MoreEssay about Identity Theft in America1215 Words   |  5 Pagesillustrates how in our world, a person’s identity can be easily changed. Many Americans are effected by this problem today. Citizens, criminals, and the government all play a role in this process. However, many disagree as to whether identity theft should be allowed in our country. Based on the history of identity theft and relationships between American citizens, the government, and this issue, identity theft should be abolished in America. The history of identity theft began around the 1950’s, priorRead MoreTarget Corporation and Hackers909 Words   |  4 PagesTarget Corporation acknowledged a breach in their systems just as the 2013 holiday season was in full swing. The hacker have taken the information of nearly 40 million credit and debit cards from shoppers who shopped in its stores over the initial three weeks of the holiday season. This is the second biggest penetration of its kind announced by a United States retailer, of which Target is the third largest retailer. Apparently, the hackers worked quite speedily with the operation lasting from theRead MoreTheories and Trends in Identity Theft2054 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay strives explains certain aspects of identity theft. The work has first defined identity theft as basically the act of impersonating people so as to gain access to their financial statements. On the other hand, some theories and concepts explain the origin of certain behaviours an d acts like identity theft. These theories include social systems theory and theft identity theory. There are trends in this type crime that are worth noting and UK is a good reference to this trend. The crimeRead MoreSecurity Breach Of Banking Industry And Retail Business1621 Words   |  7 Pagesbanking. These technologies allow us to access our accounts, transfer funds, pay for our purchases, and even apply for a loan without leaving a house or an office. In addition, most of us prefer to pay for our purchases with a quick swipe of a credit or a debit card. No doubt, it is more convenient than caring and counting cash every time we go to a store. But, unfortunately all these technologies come at a cost. Time to time, we hear news about another security breach in the banking system or retailRead MoreAnalysis of Citibanks Web Presence1803 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Citibanks Web Presence Website Product Information The bank sells its full slate of products on its website. At the top of the home page is a list of pull down menus (banking, credit cards, lending, etc.) which display all of the product offerings. Banking includes all of the traditional account types that a person can open or, in some way, access. The banking tab displays a menu that includes types of accounts and services that are available to Citibanks customers. Accounts includeRead More Security and Consumer Protection in the Information Age Essay examples3659 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract: At this point in time the ubiquity of personal and sensitive information of businesses and individuals who participate in the world economy is greater than ever. As in the past, your information could be found on an old credit card statement inside your garbage can at the end of your driveway; just waiting to be plucked by the next crafty criminal who can get his hands on it. Now your sensitive personal information is inside not only in your garbage can but as a result of the lastRead MoreThe Internet Is A Huge Impact On Our Daily Lives1701 Words   |  7 Pagesinternet activities because according to them, it is beneficial for â€Å"anti-terrorism† purposes. Countless number of websites or corporations secretly store individual s personal information into their database and then sell that information to certain companies such as advertising agencies. Lastly, there are hackers and predators out there on the internet whose purpose is to get a hold of people’s persona l information for strictly malicious purposes. The one entity whom we rely on the most for protectionRead MoreThe Internet: How Private is Your Privacy?1146 Words   |  5 PagesThe Internet: How Private is Your Privacy? Would you go up to a random stranger and hand them all of your personal information: home address, social security number, credit card number, etc†¦? This is exactly what people do every single day when they are on the internet signing up for online banking, social networks, and even online shopping. According to Internet World Stats, approximately 239,893,600 people in the United States alone account as internet users by 2010 (United States). Consequently

Personal Development - 1278 Words

a. Analyse self managed learning theory to show how you may plan and prepare for your own lifelong learning. Then, design and produce your own personal development plan (PDP) that reflects upon and shows evidence of your personal development in the past 12 months and planned in the next 12 months. a. Lifelong Learning is all learning activity undertaken throughout life, with the aim of improving knowledge, skills and competence, within a personal, civic, social and/or employment-related perspective. (European Society of Association Management, 2007) The need to modify ourselves according to external needs is dominant and necessary. Our ability of acquiring knowledge that will develop us as individuals, as contributing members of society†¦show more content†¦Internet; bookstores. Attended GETEX Autumn 2011, EDUKEX 2011; Read Choosing Your Degree Course University ; Business Brief aspects procedure Activities Undertaken forShow MoreRelatedPersonal Development1839 Words   |  8 PagesAWARENESS REFLECTION – CAREER AND ORGANISATIONAL FIT ............................................................... 4 SELF AWARENESS – STAGE 1 ASSIGNMENT AND IMPACT ON ORGANISATION ...................................................... 6 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN – JUDY LE ROUX .......................................................................................... 7 5.1 SELF-AWARENESS REFLECTION ..........................................................................................Read MorePersonal Development and Hr1445 Words   |  6 Pagesservice delivery. 3 Be able to reflect on own practice and development needs and maintain a plan for personal development. 3.1 Explain the concept and importance of CPD. 1 3.2 Undertake a self-assessment of capabilities as an HR or LD practitioner and identify development needs 2 3.3 Evaluate options to meet identified development needs. 3 3.4 Produce a plan to meet personal development objectives 4 3.5 Reflect on performance against the planRead Morepersonal and professional development4619 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿ REGENT COLLEGE BTEC Higher National Diploma in Business Assignment Brief Unit Number: 13 Unit Title: Personal and Professional Development BTEC Higher National Diploma in Business Unit 13: Personal and Profesional Devlopment Assignment Cover Sheet Assignment No: 1 and 2 ............................................. I hereby confirm that this assignment is my own work. I have identified and acknowledgedRead MorePersonal Development Review and Plan1519 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Development Stage 1 Review and Development Plan Table of Contents Page Introduction My Personal Development Review My Personal Development Plan 3 4-5 6-7 2 Introduction At the Introduction to PD workshop I identified two broad reasons why I decided to pursue my MBA. The first was to develop my competence as a manager. The second and more important reason was to advance my career by making myself more marketable. The job market today is undoubtedly very competitive and I realisedRead MoreContinuous Personal and Professional Development2181 Words   |  9 Pagesessay is a reflection on the role of the teacher in the life-long learning sector and evaluation of my role in it, and secondly the importance of engaging with continuous professional development and a comparison of theories and models of reflective practice and how they can be applied to my own personal development as a learner. The process I have adopted throughout my teaching is a five stage teacher/training cycle, that of identifying needs and planning, designing, assessing, evaluating and facilitatingRead MorePersonal Career Development : Career Goals1531 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluenced by a myriad of different motivations and impulses. Prior to this course, I was quite ignorant of the magnitude these characteristics and traits hold over our professional lives. Career development is very much a division or subset of an individual’s personal development. These two aspects of development seem to be inextricably connected, thus attempting to isolate either measure would seem to create a discord in an individual s job or life satisfaction. I agree that self-awareness is a fundamentalRead MorePersonal Development and Lifelong Learning Sector2666 Words   |  11 PagesUnit 5 Continuing Professional and Personal Development In this assignment I will evaluate my own approaches to CPD, weigh up my strengths and developmental needs in relation to literacy, language and numeracy needs. This will be continued to develop my knowledge by using my own reflection and the feedback I have received from others. The outcome will be to establish a plan to identify the opportunities I have and want to take to address my learning needs. During the second part of this assignmentRead More Personal Development and Reflective Reasoning in Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pages(Ghaye, 2000, p.7) In order to fully understand the personal development and reflective reasoning in relation to your development in the Nursing field, one will have to define these two terminologies. Personal development means to include activities that improve awareness, can develop potential that will ultimately enhance the quality of life. Medical colleges advocate personal development plans as a basis for continuing professional development. Whereas, reflective reasoning is where a nurse canRead MoreEssay on Unit 2 - Principles of Personal Development1152 Words   |  5 PagesHealth and Social Care Assignment UNIT 2 - PRINCIPLES OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSIGNMENT OVERVIEW In this assignment, you will investigate standards that influence adult social care practice. You will look at examples of these standards and how they affect the role of social care workers. Personal development and reflective practice are important for social care workers, and you will be completing tasks that cover these concepts. You will look at the different ways that this is done, how youRead MoreEssay about Personal Career Development: Course Review1012 Words   |  5 Pagesreview the historical events and available information to create a picture of where to go next. The purpose of this paper is to review the personal information from the career assessments taken in HS 585 Career Counseling at Bellevue University. The review will focus on this author’s personal results. This paper will combine the assessments with the author’s personal history to provide a context for future career goals. Assessment Summary The primary assessment performed and examined within the HS

Moral Relativism justified free essay sample

Every man in this world defends his concepts of what is morally right or what is morally wrong, otherwise known as ethics. If ethics wasnt studied or systematized, concepts that shape our every day life would be questioned with lack of knowledge, just as if any other scholarly subject wasnt studied such as math or English. Albert Camus once stated, A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world. According to Benedicts A Defense of Moral Relativism, every culture has to draw a line between what is normal and what is abnormal. The line between normality and bnormality has to be distinguished in order to understand others in that same culture. For example, noises that people in American culture make. If a girl takes a large, deep, disappointed sigh after climbing out of bed, we would infer that she is just tired or doesnt want to wake yet. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral Relativism justified or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In our culture, we would not find a noise or reaction like that relevant. However, then a boy asked that girl on a date, and she responded with the same big, disappointed sigh as earlier. That boy would then hopefully understand that her disappointed sigh is probably not a yes. Some noises nd gestures we make are not relevant to a conversation or any part of communication in a normal daily routine, while that same noise or gesture can be used to portray a feeling or response without even having to use words. For another example, take a cough. A cough is not used to portray a feeling or used for a means of communication. Benedict says that this is why we have to draw a line between normality and abnormality, so that we as a culture can understand simple conversations, what people are trying to communicate, and be able to respond correctly, or not at all. Benedict states in her argument In so far as a civilization is well integrated and consistent within itself, it will tend to carry farther and farther, according to its nature, its initial impulse toward a particular type of action, and from the point of view of an other culture those elaborations will include more and more extreme and aberrant traits (A Defense of Moral Relativism). By this, Benedict is claiming that a culture begins with a basic preference, and the starting point of that culture is completely arbitrary. Therefore, Benedict forms the conclusion that the istinction between normality and abnormality is culturally relative not universal, not grounded, only preferenced. Rachels argument, The Challenge of Cultural Relativism seems to agree with Benedict on the fact that different cultures have different moral codes, therefore their moral codes determine what is morally wrong and what is morally good, or abnormal and normal. However, Rachels believes that disagreement does not entail a lack of objective truth, forcing at least one person in an argument, or a different culture, to be wrong. Rachels also states that not all ifferences are differences in values. For example, Eskimos place a high value on human life, Just as the American culture does. However, it is common, therefore morally acceptable, for them to abandon a newborn if the family does not have the means or resources to raise it. However, it is not morally acceptable in our culture to abandon a newborn. Hence, Judgment can be esta blisned between the two arguments. Moral relativism is Justified by Benedicts argument, thus making moral relativism Justified by the Cultural Differences Argument. Rachels believes that if elativism were true, trans-cultural criticism would in impossible, making moral progress impossible. For example, our culture believed that women shouldnt be allowed to vote and now they are. Rachels would think that we were once morally wrong and now that we accept women voting, that we are now morally right. He says that this moral progress would be impossible if relativism were true. However, Benedict would argue that our culture thought we were right because we were accepting what we thought was morally true, and that since we now believe ifferently, we Just experienced a change in values. Rachels also deems that at least one person in an argument is wrong, whereas Benedict believes that whatever the individual or culture believes and accepts is true for them, and one opinion doesnt have to necessarily be wrong, but Just different because they have different preferences. Since preferences make up each cultures moral code, then yes, moral relativism is Justified by Benedicts argument, as relativism states that moral claims are true depending on the certain cultures or individuals beliefs, or preferences.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Father of Microbiology

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Father of Microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek (October 24, 1632–August 30, 1723) invented the first practical microscopes and used them to become the first person to see and describe bacteria, among other microscopic discoveries.  Indeed, van Leeuwenhoeks work effectively refuted the doctrine of spontaneous generation, the theory that living organisms could spontaneously emerge from nonliving matter. His studies also led to the development of the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. Fast Facts: Anton van Leeuwenhoek Known For:  Improvements to the microscope, discovery of bacteria, discovery of sperm, descriptions of all manner of microscopic cell structures (plant and animal), yeasts, molds, and moreAlso Known As: Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, Antony Van LeeuwenhoekBorn:  Oct. 24, 1632 in Delft, HollandDied:  Aug. 30, 1723 in in Delft, HollandEducation:  Only basic educationPublished Works:  Arcana naturÅ“ detecta, 1695, a collection of his letters sent to the Royal Society of London, translated into Latin for the scientific communityAwards:  Member of the Royal Society of LondonSpouse(s): Barbara de Mey (m.1654–1666),  Cornelia Swalmius (m. 1671–1694)Children: MariaNotable Quote:  My work...was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge. Early Life   Leeuwenhoek was born in Holland on October 24, 1632, and as a teenager he became an apprentice at a linen drapers shop. Although it doesnt seem a likely start to a life of science, from here Leeuwenhoek was set on a path to inventing his microscope. At the shop,  magnifying glasses were used to count the threads and inspect the quality of cloth. He was inspired and taught himself new methods for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature, which gave magnifications up to 275x (275 times the subjects original size), the finest known at that time. Contemporaneous Microscopes People had been using magnifying lenses since the 12th century and convex and concave lenses for vision correction since the 1200s and 1300s. In 1590, Dutch lens grinders Hans and Zacharias Janssen constructed a microscope with two lenses in a tube; though it may not have been the first microscope, it was a very early model. Also credited with the invention of the microscope about the same time was Hans Lippershey, the inventor of the telescope. Their work led to others research and development on telescopes and the modern compound microscope, such as Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer whose invention was the first given the name microscope. The compound microscopes of Leeuwenhoeks time had issues with blurry figures and distortions and could magnify only up to 30 or 40 times. Leeuwenhoek Microscope Leeuwenhoeks work on his tiny lenses led to the building of his microscopes, considered the first practical ones. They bore little resemblance to todays microscopes, however; they were more like very high-powered magnifying glasses and used only one lens instead of two. Other scientists didnt adopt Leeuwenhoeks versions of microscopes because of the difficulty in learning to use them.  They were small (about 2 inches long) and were used by holding ones eye close to the tiny lens and looking at a sample suspended on a pin. Leeuwenhoek Discoveries With these microscopes, though, he made the microbiological discoveries for which he is famous. Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe bacteria (1674), yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water (such as algae), and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries. The word bacteria didnt exist yet, so he called these microscopic living organisms animalcules. During his long life, he used his lenses to make pioneer studies on an extraordinary variety of things- living and nonliving- and reported his findings in more than 100 letters to the Royal Society of England and the French Academy. Leeuwenhoeks first report to the Royal Society in 1673 described bee mouthparts, a louse, and a fungus. He studied the structure of plant cells and crystals, and the structure of human cells such as blood, muscle, skin, teeth, and hair. He even scraped the plaque from between his teeth to observe the bacteria there, which, Leeuwenhoek discovered, died after drinking coffee. He was the first to describe sperm and postulated that conception occurred when a sperm joined with an ovum, though his thought was that the ovum just served to feed the sperm. At the time, there were various theories of how babies formed, so Leeuwenhoeks studies of sperm and ovum of various species caused an uproar in the scientific community. It would be around 200 years before scientists would agree on the process. Leeuwenhoeks View on His Work Like his contemporary  Robert Hooke, Leeuwenhoek made some of the most important discoveries of early microscopy. In one letter from 1716, he wrote, My work, which Ive done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof. He did not editorialize on meanings of his observations and acknowledged he was not a scientist but merely an observer. Leeuwenhoek was not an artist either, but he worked with one on the drawings he submitted in his letters. Death Van Leeuwenhoek also contributed to science in one other way. In the final year of his life, he described the disease that took his life. Van Leeuwenhoek suffered from uncontrollable contractions of the diaphram, a condition now known as Van Leeuwenhoek disease. He died of the disease, also called diaphragmatic flutter, on August 30, 1723, in Delft. He is buried at the Oude Kerk (Old Church) in Delft. Legacy Some of Leeuwenhoeks discoveries could be verified at the time by other scientists, but some discoveries could not because his lenses were so superior to others microscopes and equipment. Some people had to come to him to see his work in person. Just 11 of Leeuwenhoeks 500 microscopes exist today. His instruments were made of gold and silver, and most were sold by his family after he died in 1723. Other scientists did not use his microscopes, as they were difficult to learn to use. Some improvements to the device occurred in the 1730s, but big improvements that led to todays compound microscopes didnt happen until the middle of the 19th century. Sources â€Å"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek.†Ã‚  Famous Biologists Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Comments, famousbiologists.org.Cobb, M. An Amazing 10 Years: The Discovery of Egg and Sperm in the 17th Century. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 47 (Suppl. 4; 2012), 2–6, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.Lane, Nick. The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) ‘Concerning Little Animals.’  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 370 (1666) (April 19, 2015): 20140344.Samardhi, Himabindu Radford, Dorothy M. Fong, Kwun. (2010). Leeuwenhoeks disease: Diaphragmatic flutter in a cardiac patient. Cardiology in the Young. Cardiology in the Young. 20. 334 - 336.Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton. Letter of June 12, 1716, to the Royal Society, quoted by the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley.Vision Engineering. Later Developments.